Marine Archaeology
Moderators: MichelleH, Minimalist, JPeters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasvati_River
Still, we know that the water comes from the Himalayan mountains. So the glacial retreat has to be a factor.
Cogs, I took the lazy way out. Here's what Wiki says. It seems like they're still working the actual dates out.According to palaeoenvironmental scientists the desiccation of Sarasvati came about as a result of the diversion of at least two rivers that fed it, the Satluj and the Yamuna. "The chain of tectonic events … diverted the Satluj westward (into the Indus) and the Palaeo Yamuna eastward (into the Ganga) … This explains the ‘death’ of such a mighty river (the Sarasvati) … because its main feeders, the Satluj and Palaeo Yamuna were weaned away from it by the Indus and the Gangaa respectively” [9][10]. This ended at c 1750, but it started much earlier, perhaps with the upheavals and the large flood of 1900, or more probably 2100 [11][12]. P H Francfort, utilizing images from the French satellite SPOT, finds [13] that the large river Sarasvati is pre-Harappan altogether and started drying up in the middle of the 4th millennium BC; during Harappan times only a complex irrigation-canal network was being used in the southern region of the Indus Valley. With this the date should be pushed back to c 3800 BC.
Still, we know that the water comes from the Himalayan mountains. So the glacial retreat has to be a factor.
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Minimalist
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There's that late 3'd millenium date, again. Only this time with a flood and not a drought.more probably 2100
Something is wrong here. War, disease, death, destruction, hunger, filth, poverty, torture, crime, corruption, and the Ice Capades. Something is definitely wrong. This is not good work. If this is the best God can do, I am not impressed.
-- George Carlin
-- George Carlin
http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstor ... sid=234788
More info about the in situ piece of wood found in the Bay of Cambay. Posted in Archaeologica News, there will probably be a flurry of reports over this.
Rajkot, May 4: Archaeologists are excited about a circular wooden structure found underwater at a near-shore excavation site off the coast of Jamnagar. Thought to be the remains of the lost city of ancient Dwarka, the wooden structure is well preserved and surrounded by another structure made of stone blocks.
“It is significant as scientific dating of wood, which is carbon, is possible. This was not the case with evidences like stone, beads, glass and terracota found earlier,” said Alok Tripathi, Superintending Archeologist, Underwater Archeology Wing of Archaeological Survey of India.
Wooden block
Beags, that makes more sense for reliable dating. A wooden block which is part of a structure cannot be intrusive. The dating should provide some long-needed answers.
Natural selection favors the paranoid
a different kind of map
Once the europeans really started sending out ships, there were a lot of dead.
Usually sewn up in a shroud, with a cannonshot or a weight at their feet.
They were consigned to the deep.
Imagine the long fall to the bottom.
And., once there, the geometry of individual human dolmens markng the path of politics, trade, and suffering, on te bottom of the ocean.
Were there a way to make a map of that!
john
Usually sewn up in a shroud, with a cannonshot or a weight at their feet.
They were consigned to the deep.
Imagine the long fall to the bottom.
And., once there, the geometry of individual human dolmens markng the path of politics, trade, and suffering, on te bottom of the ocean.
Were there a way to make a map of that!
john
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Forum Monk
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Didn't we go through all this with the idea of sharks still patrolling the routes taken by the slave ships. Waiting for the dead to be thrown over?
What a hoot and a half that was. When you did the math the supposed body count was greater than the current population of Africa.
The advantage of ships, be they military or merchant, is the amount of weight or firepower they can carry for the number of men required.
The ratio compared to a land based army or caravan is huge. Because of this, while there have been plenty of marine deaths, as high as 30 percent at the height of the English Navy, it is a no contest compared to the land based deaths in either in caravans or on campaigns.
An aircraft carrier has apx 5000 people on board. That is a lot of bodies. But an army general would consider that just the start for his motor pool.
What a hoot and a half that was. When you did the math the supposed body count was greater than the current population of Africa.
The advantage of ships, be they military or merchant, is the amount of weight or firepower they can carry for the number of men required.
The ratio compared to a land based army or caravan is huge. Because of this, while there have been plenty of marine deaths, as high as 30 percent at the height of the English Navy, it is a no contest compared to the land based deaths in either in caravans or on campaigns.
An aircraft carrier has apx 5000 people on board. That is a lot of bodies. But an army general would consider that just the start for his motor pool.
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Rokcet Scientist
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R/S you are more than likely correct about this, but it causes me pain to realize how little regard some humans can have for others. And so throughout history.Rokcet Scientist wrote:The average attrition rate for slaves shipped from west Africa to US and Brasilian markets was 1 in 3. It was factored in. Part of the reason the slaves were literally stacked on board: there would be enough space soon anyway...
What a shameful legacy.
That 1 in 3 number may seem high, but it was just average.
Both the East India Trading Co and the Dutch East India Co assumed a 30 percent loss of crew on a round trip from London or Amsterdam to India and back. The sailors assumed it also. It was just one of the risks one took when you went to sea. To make up for the risk, both Companies allowed the sailors a single chest of private trade goods in both directions. In effect it was sanctioned trade "on the side."
Both the East India Trading Co and the Dutch East India Co assumed a 30 percent loss of crew on a round trip from London or Amsterdam to India and back. The sailors assumed it also. It was just one of the risks one took when you went to sea. To make up for the risk, both Companies allowed the sailors a single chest of private trade goods in both directions. In effect it was sanctioned trade "on the side."
These figures depend on the period you quote, for example, Magellan started with 270 men and returned with just 18!
Cook paid more attention to his crew's health, as did Bligh, and so did the Royal Navy.
Forget Hornblower et al many men volunteered for the RN as a means to great wealth and their skills were valued.
Cook paid more attention to his crew's health, as did Bligh, and so did the Royal Navy.
Forget Hornblower et al many men volunteered for the RN as a means to great wealth and their skills were valued.
http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/04/stories ... 361300.htm
. From the Daily Grail.
Yet another article on the archaeology at Dwarka. This one has a picture.Alok Tripathi, Superintending Archaeologist, UAW,who led the excavation, said: "The discovery of this wooden block is of great importance because these submerged stone structures are known for the past 40 years. But no material was available from these structures, which can be dated. Stones cannot be easily dated. Dates given earlier were based on different interpretations."
The block, made of local beach wood, would be sent for carbon-14 dating and "it will give the final date for the submerged structures at Dwaraka," said Dr. Tripathi, a trained diver as well.
. From the Daily Grail.