'BOSNIAN PYRAMIDS': A PSEUDOARCHAEOLOGICAL MYTH AND A THREAT TO THE EXISTING CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Dear Director-General Koichiro Matsuura,
At the beginning of this month, the international media reported that UNESCO is to send a team of archaeology experts to Bosnia, to 'probe the Bosnian mystery pyramid'. This came after the Bosnian media reported that Mr. Sulejman Tihic, the President of Bosnia-Herzegovina Presidency, talked about the alleged discovery of pyramids in Bosnia to Mr. Koichiro Matsuura, the UNESCO Director-General, at a recent international summit. The discovery refers to the claims made in October 2005 by a self-proclaimed expert on ancient civilizations, Mr. Semir Osmanagic, that the Visocica hill near the town of Visoko in central Bosnia-Herzegovina hides the world’s biggest and oldest pyramid. Recently, Mr. Osmanagic told the Bosnian media that Mr. Matsuura concluded that there is 'certain' proof of the existence of the Visoko pyramids and implied that this conclusion was the reason UNESCO decided to send a team of experts to Visoko.
Ignoring the public outcries by the Bosnian-Herzegovinian geologists, archaeologists and historians, Mr. Osmanagic started excavating in the area in the fall of 2005 and continued in the spring of 2006. His activities raise great concerns about the survival of existing cultural and historical heritage in the area.
The Visocica hill – location of the Bosnian medieval capital Visoki
On the Visocica hill, claimed by Mr. Osmanagic to be the world's earliest pyramid, are the remains of the royal Bosnian town of Visoki. The remains of the town's main fort, located on the summit of the hill, are protected as a national monument. Bosnian archaeologists and historians have on many occasions publicly warned that amateur excavations by Mr. Osmanagic will irreversibly damage this important Bosnian site. In turn, Mr. Osmangic has publicly proclaimed all of his critics to be bad Bosnian patriots and all Bosnian scientists who do not support his pyramid project to be 19th-century relics. His team of amateurs does not include one single archaeologist familiar with the history and archaeology of the area, and they continually purport the false idea that the medieval town of Visoki was only the size of 30x60m. It would be very difficult to believe that the capital of the medieval Bosnian Kingdom and also a very important trade center of the area, mentioned in numerous charters of the 14th and 15th century was smaller than a football field.
Also, there are indications of deliberate supression of those archaeological finds that do not fit the theories of Mr. Osmanagic and his team.
The Visoko region – location of the earliest historical traces of the Bosnian statehood
Since Mr. Osmanagic broadened his activities to other hills in the Visoko valley, there is great concern that other archaeological sites could be in danger. The initial excavations at the Pljesevica hill, which he has dubbed the Pyramid of the Moon, revealed a tiled pavement. Mr. Osmanagic asserts that the pavement somehow belongs to the pyramid structure. But without proper excavation techniques, we cannot tell what the «pavement» belong to, or even if it is man-made at all.
The Visoko region is, in many ways, the heart of the historic Bosnia. It is home to the remains of over five different neolithic settlements; of Illyrian and Roman ruins (fortifications and roads); of numerous medieval necropoleis of stecci (sing.: stecak; a particular form of Bosnian medieval tombstones, often decorated with reliefs and inscriptions). In addition, there is the nearby village of Muhasinovici, where a decorated plate with inscription of a famous 12th-century Bosnian ruler, Kulin ban, was found (also indicating remains of a church and settlement in the vicinity), as well as the village of Arnautovici (the medieval town of Mile where Bosnian 14-15th century kings were crowned) with the remains of king Tvrtko royal and burial church. The remains of the royal medieval town of Visoki, a preserved national monument, sit right on top of the hill Osmanagic claims to be a pyramid and in the town of Visoko itself are three old Ottoman mosques and the Orthodox church of St. Procopius, all national monuments. Even more important, this region is known for occasional and accidental archaeological finds that indicate yet more historical structures, but systematic long-term archaeological projects have never been carried out here.
The late Bosnian archeologist, Mr. Pavo Andjelic, after years of studying the region, in the late 1980s proposed that the early medieval Bosnian town of Desnek should be searched for in that very area. Desnek and Katera are the first Bosnian urban settlements from the 10th century to be mentioned in a written historical source, the Byzantine scripts of Constantine Porphyrogenitos. These towns have not yet been located by the Bosnian archeologists.
Semir Osmanagic
Mr. Osmanagic has no credentials in archaeology. His work, in fact, carries all the hallmarks of pseudoarchaeology, as recently defined in some detail. Many features of his project make this conclusion clear: Osmanagic reached his conclusions about the existence of alleged pyramids before investigative work was carried out, to the point of even naming the supposed pyramids; the work was undertaken to prove Mr. Osmanagic's conclusions, not to test them (he says, on his own webpage: "I am working intensively on proving the improvable"); extreme, history-altering claims are being promoted on the basis of flimsy or non-existent "evidence"; countervailing evidence is suppressed; Mr. Osmanagic runs a slick PR exercise and communicates his "results" directly to the press rather than through genuine, scientific channels; critics of Mr. Osmanagic's enterprise are met with political sloganeering rather than reasoned argument; Mr. Osmanagic is guided by a powerful nationalist ideology, which distorts and corrupts his efforts (he says: "Bosnia is a source of civilization of Europe and that is a reason enough that Bosnians should be proud of their heritage"); several archaeologists are claimed to support the project, when they are either not involved or actively oppose Mr. Osmanagic's destructive efforts (e.g., Prof. Bruce Hitchner of Tufts University, USA; a signatory to this letter); the whole enterprise is being run as a money-making exercise rather than a scientific investigation; the academic credentials of many supporters are proudly proclaimed, when those credentials have nothing to do with archaeology.
We could go on. Let there be no doubt: Mr. Osmanagic is conducting a pseudoarchaeological project that, disgracefully, threatens to destroy parts of Bosnia's real heritage.
Conclusion
The pyramid claims of Mr. Osmanagic and the activities of his team pose serious threat to the rich historical, cultural and archaeological heritage of the Visoko region. The visit of the UNESCO experts to this area should not be allowed to be represented by Mr. Osmanagic as support for his pseudoarchaeological claims.
This visit, should it occur, ought also to include Bosnian experts, geologists, archaeologists and historians and allow for their scientific opinion to be heard. Bosnia-Herzegovina came out of the 1992-95 war without some of her most important and beautiful cultural and historical heritage gems. It would be irresponsible to let pseudoarchaeology finish off what is left intact.
This letter will also be published in the online edition of Archaeology Magazine, the publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. Other media will be informed as well.
Signatories:
Mark Rose, Online Editorial Director, Archaeological Institute of America, PhD in Classical Archaeology (Aegean Prehistory), Indiana University, USA
R. Bruce Hitchner, Professor and Chair of the Department of Classics, Tufts University, USA; Chairman of the Dayton Project
Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, Wayne State University, USA
Andras Riedlmayer, Harvard University, USA
Dubravko Lovrenovic, Professor of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina; member of the Bosnia-Herzegovina Commission to Protect National Monuments
Garrett G. Fagan, Associate Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies and History, Penn State University, USA
Paul V. Heinrich, Research Associate 4, Louisiana Geological Survey, Louisiana State University, USA
Richard Carlton, Museum of Antiquities, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; director of the Archaeological Practice, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Mary Lefkowitz, Mellon Professor in the Humanities Emerita, Wellesley College, Dept. of Classical Studies, USA
Katherine Reece, owner of In the Hall of Ma’at website :
http://www.hallofmaat.com/ ; contributing author to "Archaeological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public"
Anthony Harding, President of the European Association of Archaeologists
Michael Witzel, Wales Prof. of Sanskrit, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, USA
Kenneth L. Feder, Ph.D, Professor at the Department of Anthropology, Central Connecticut State University, USA
Alun Salt, Mphil, World Archaeology (Cantab), Archaeoastronomer for the Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, University of Leicester, UK
Martin Smith, Research Assistant (PhD thesis under examination), Australian National University, Australia
Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Professor, Social Historian and Chair of the Department of Sociology, The City College of CUNY, USA
Blagoje Govedarica, professor of Archeology at the Heidelberg University, Germany; member of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Arts and Sciences Academy (Center for the Balkan Studies)
Gary Huckleberry, Ph.D., Chairman of the Archaeological Geology Division of the Geological Society of America, Tucson, USA
Steve Farmer, Ph.D., Portola, California, USA
John W. Hoopes, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, USA
Francesco Brighenti, Ph.D., VAIS -- Venetian Academy of Indian Studies, Venice, Italy
Christopher Hale, Producer of pseudoarchaeological exposés for the BBC, UK
Mike Brass, MA in Archaeology degree, University College London, UK; "The Antiquity of Man"
http://www.antiquityofman.com
Greg Reeder,
www.egyptology.com
David Meadows, B.A. in Classical History and Civilization and History, University of Calgary; B.A. in Latin, also from the U of C; and M.A. in Classics from Queen's (Kingston); and ABD in Roman Studies at McMaster, Canada
Christopher O'Brien, Ph.D., Forest Archaeologist/Adjunct Professor, USDA Forest Service/California State University, USA
