From the description
http://books.google.com/books?id=RwETAA ... euQ1IYX5M-
A3kQAHlWO4TR3k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FBYBU6uOO4rhygG3m4GADw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=black%20vomit%20Chickasaw&f=false
It appears as Yellow Fever, with a black vomit.
At the time, a part of the Chickasaw were at the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Savanah River.
They fled back west, first to the Chickasaw Old Fields near Huntsville, then back to Pontotoc.
The plague of 1537
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