Re: Luwian notes
Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2017 4:58 pm
Note that Caria is not shown in this map:
which leaves us with some problems in locating Kupanta Kurantas.
Further, there is another problem following from the Personal+(ehtnonym) location construct:
Manapa Tarhuntas
But Karyantis is shown on this map, as being just south of MILA (Miletus)
My estimate is that Turkey is blessed with yet another major bronze age polity.
The Low Hittite Chronology is based on a recurring astronomical phenomenon,
and must be be set back by 64 years to the Middle Hittite Chronology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_chronology
I am not going to go into the Palestinians, nor the Israelites here;
my goal is to incorporate the new materials, both on Kupapa and Tudhalayaha IV,
and re-examine the placement of the Indictment of Madduwatas
to identify the date of the mega-drought as best as possible,
in order to see if it is connected with the Great Atlantic Impact Mega-tsunami.
The reign of Ahmose may bet set at 1628 BCE, the time of the eruption of Thera.
Gardiner's dates set back by 50 and 75 years:
XVIII Dynasty
Ahmose I 1625-1600 {1650 - 1625} [1575-1550]
Amenhotep I 1600-1578 {1625 - 1603} [1550-1528]
Thutmose I 1578-1560 {1608 - 1585} [1528-1510]
Thutmose II 1560-1540 {1585 - 1565} [1510-1490]
Thutmose III 1540 - 1486 {1565 - 1511} [1490-1436]
Battle of Megiddo, c.1528 {1553} [c.1478]
Queen Hatshepsut 1540-1518 {1565-1543} [1490-1468]
Amenhotep II 1486- 1463 {1511- 1488} [1436-1413]
Thutmose IV 1463- 1455 {1488- 1480} [1413-1405]
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton 1427- 1400 {1442- 1425} [1367-1350
Smenkhkare/Queen Nefertiti? 1400- 1397 {1425-1422} [1350-1347]
Tutankhamon 1397- 1389 {1422- 1414} [1347-1339]
Aye 1389-1385 {1414-1410} [1339-1335]
Haremhab 1385- 1358 {1410- 1383} [1335-1308]
XIX Dynasty
Ramesses I 1358 {1383} [1308]
Seti I 1359-1341 {1385-1366} [1309-1291]
Ramesses II 1349 - 1274 {1365 - 1299} [1290-1224]
Battle of Qadesh, 1325 {1350} [1275];
Egyptian-Hittite Treaty, 1309 {1334} [1259]
Merenptah 1274 - 1264 {1299 - 1289} [1224-1214]
Amenmesse(s) ? 1252-1249 {1277 -1274} [? 1202-1199 1214-1210 ]
Seti II 1264-1258 {1289-1283} [1214-1208]
Siptah 1258-1252 {1283-1277} [1208-1202]
Queen Twosret 1252- 1244 {1277- 1269} [1202-1194]
XX Dynasty
Setnakht 1234- 1232 {1259- 1257} [1184-1182]
Ramesses III 1232-1201 {1257-1226} [1182-1151]
Ramesses IV 1201-1195 {1226-1220} [1151-1145]
Ramesses V 1195- 1191 {1220- 1216} [1145-1141]
Ramesses VI 1191-1184 {1216-1209} [1141-1134]
Ramesses VII 1184 {1209} [1134]
Ramesses VIII 1184 {1209} [1134]
Ramesses IX 1184- 1167 {1209- 1192} [1134-1117]
Ramesses X 1167-1164 {1192-1189} [1117-1114]
Ramesses XI 1164 - 1137[ {1190 - 1162} [1114-1087]
Lehmann
Johannes Lehmann
The Hittites
People of a thousand gods
Viking Press, 1977
Lehmann gets Greek identifications from
Fredrich Cornelius
Geschichte der Hethiter
mit besonder Berucksichtung der geographischen Verhaltnisse
und Rechtesgeschishte
and
M. Riemschneider
Der Welt der Hethiter
Beckman
Gary Beckman
Hittite Diplomatic Texts
Society of Biblical Literature
1996
Astour
Michael C. Astour
Hittite History
and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age
Paul Astroms forlag
Partille 1989
Astour points out that all Hittite and Luwain names in nda, nza have parallel forms without nda, nza
Zida-nda-sh/Zida-sh
(Astour, page 32,33)
Amenemhat, an Egyptian astronomer and clockmaker has left an autobiography
presumed contemporary of Thutmose I
Astour, JNES 31, 1972, pages 102-109
Wilheim, Acta Antiqua 26, 1976, pages 149-161
(Astour, page 44)
Notes on Thutmose I
Astour pages 15-16
Astour places Ishuwa between Taurus, Euphrates, and Arsanias
(Astour, pages 52 - 53)
Astour places homeland of Kaskans at
Kashkan Mountains near Kurushtama in Northeast Anatolia
Kurushtama ally with Kaskans for a raid on a Hatti city
Kaskans are mercenaries
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] asks King Tarhundaradu of Arzawa to send him Kaskans
as Hatti has "went to pieces"
(Astour, page 65)
There was an ancient treaty by which
A King of Hatti shipped some people from Kurushtama, a part of Hatti,
to Egypt and "Turned them into Egyptians"
Astour ascribes it to Tudhaliya I
(Astour, pages 64 - 66)
[tarhu/nta = taur (bull) = tyr/ant?]
"THUNDERBOLT STEERS ALL THINGS"
- Heroclitus of Miletus
(except when super volcanoes erupt)
1) Pithana
son Anita, king of Khussara, conquers
1)Nesa
2)Hattusa - land of Hatti or Chatti
(Lehmann, page 184)
Ch't torah
Cheta'las Egyptian
ch should have value as Scottish Loch
(Lehmann, page 21)
[K'ittim or Chittim = Linear B ki-ti - e.p.g.]
3) Salatiwara
4) Burushanda
lacunae
5) Grandfather of Hatusili I
(Astour page 12)
6) Tabarna or Labarna
(Lehmann, page 191)
Labarna conquers Arzawa and Wilusa (Ilios)
Wilusa later manages to gain independence
(Beckman, page 82)
7) Papahdilmak
Challenges Labarna for throne
(Astour page 12)
Hatusili I (Hattushilish) 1639-1604 by Hittite Middle Chronology
Thera explosion 1628 by ice cores and dendro-chronology
(? Hatusili I deposes Labarna
deposes Huzziya (=Hassu above), king of Tapassanda
civil war
(Lehmann, pages 192-193)
attacks Arzawa in 3rd year
(Hatusili I's Res Gestae, Astour, page 23)
[This must be because of ERUPTION OF THERA - e.p.g.]
Hattusili I faces revolt
conquers Allepo (Halib)
crosses Pura River, conquers Hassu,
which Sargon of Akkad was unable to do 700 years earlier
(Lehmann, pages 190-192)
Hammurapi II of Yahmad (Aleppo) sends forces to help Hashshu
stops Hatusili I
Hatusili I attacks Urshu
Aleppo, Zarzuar, Carchemish, Hurrians, send forces
Hatusili I transfers cities of Aleppo and Nuhashshe (to the south-east of Aleppo and inland of Ugarit)
to Ashtata on the Euphrates River
(this is in the aftermath of the Eruption of Thera)
Aleppo joins Hanigalbat
Aleppo regains territories
Aleppo revolts from Hanigalbat
(Astour, pages 16-17)
Nuhashshe = Nugasa (Egptian) = Ngt (Ugarit)
(Astour, page 113)
Hanigalbat=Hurri=Mitani=Naharina emerges
(Astour's identifications, page 14)
Hatusili I fights them at Ilansura on Tigris River
(Astour, page 14)
Hattusili I destroys
Alalakh (Acana)
Hashshu (Tilmen Huyuk)
Ebla (Tell Mardikh)
Ikakalish-Ikanal (near Taurus)
(Tell Tuqan)
Urshu (Gaziantep)
(Habuba Kabira on Euphrates)
(Astour, page 89)
9) Mursili I (Murshilish) 1604-1594 by Hittite Middle Chronology
(= greek Myrsilios)
(Mursili II deafened by impact event explosion?
- must be reason he took name of Mursili I, deafened by Thera explosion
(Lehmann, page 230)
[Have these two plague accounts been conflated accidentally? - e.p.g.]
(Mursili II explicitly models himself after Mursili I - Astour page 13)
deafened by explosion as youth - Thera eruption
" the weather god thundered terribly from afar.
And the word in my mouth became small"
20 years of plague
(after effect of Thera eruption)
(Lehmann, page 230)
Mursili I marches on Aleppo to avenge his father's death
(Lehmann, pages 197-198)
Mursili I destroys Aleppo
(Beckman, page 89)
1596 Mursili I conquers Aleppo
(Astour, page 92, date adjusted to Hittite Middle Chronology)
1595 Mursili I marches to Babylon
(Astour pages 13-14, date adjusted to Hittite Middle Chronology)
Mursili I attacked by Hurrians on way home
(Lehmann, pages 198-199)
Mursili I defeated by Hurrians
(Astour, page 14)
Hurrians (=Horites)
have already come from Lake Van to Northern Euphrates
(old homeland of Jamnites, tribe of Benjamin - Weippert)
from India originally
(Lehmann, page 214)
Mursili I enters into treaty with Hapiru
(Astour, page 13)
[1st appearance of Hebrews?,
probably attack on Rephidim - e.p.g.]
Mursili I assassinated by Hantili and Zida/nta (man of Zida?)-
10) Hantili I (Hantilish) 1594-1564 by middle chronology
Murders Mursili I
Attacks Hurri to "Ashtata on right bank of Euphrates River"
Defeated by Hurri
Loses queen and heirs to Hurri,
who take them to Shugziya and have locals kill them
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 16, page 22, page 87)
According to the fragmentary tablet KBo III 46:
someone dies in Shugziya
after the death of 3 Hittite commanders
an unnammed Hittite king assembles
3000 Hapiru men
and garrisons them in a (name lost) city
(Astour, page 87, identifies this as Hantili I)
Hantili campaigns in Syria
Hurrians attack him
Aleppo frees itself
Hantili attacked in north by GasGans (= Linear B ke-ke?)
(Lehmann, page 200)
[T'e-Hantilish, king of Zippasla = Tantalus, king of Sipylus (Zipa?) -e.p.g.]
1576 BCE In the 2nd year of his reign
Thutmose I 1578-1560 {1608 - 1585} [1528-1510] undertook a campaign in Mitanni (Hurri)
reached bank of Euphrates River, erected a victory stele there
(Astour, page 15)
1576 BCE Thutmose I 1578-1560 {1608 - 1585} [1528-1510] in northern Syria,
Ilim-ilimna I's ascent to kingship of Aleppo
1575 Ilim-ilimna dies; Idrimi flees to Amiya
(Astour, page 92, dates adjusted)
Egyptian campaign also possibly attributed to Amenhotep I 1600-1578 {1625 - 1603} [1550-1528]
in dismantled monumental gate at Karnak
(Astour, page 88)
lives long life and dies natural death
(Astour, page 22)
11) Zida/nta (Zida/ntash) 1564-1554 by Hittite Middle Chronology
Married to Hantili's daughter
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 92)
kills Hantili's family, (then Hantili?)
Idrimi, son of Ilim-ilimna, goes to Hapiru
retakes control of Alakah, new capital, rules Aleppo
pledges loyalty to Parattarna of Hurri
raids Hatti and Hittite cities of Uluzila and Zaruna in Cilicia
(Astour, pages 19-20)
1574 Idrimi returns to Alakah
1567 Idrimi submits to Parattarna, king of Hurri
1564-1554 Idrimi enters into a treaty with Pillaya,
1st king of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 92, Hittite Middle Chronology)
Idrimi enters into treaty with Pillaya king of Kizzuwadna
Zidanzash also enters into treaty with Pillaya king of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 21)
Treaty with Pilliya of Kizzuwatna is ascribed
to Zidanzash by Astour, not Beckman
Treaty mentions earlier wars between Kizzuwadna and Hatti
Hyksos called heka-khasut "rulers of foreign lands" by Egyptians
(Lehmann, page 213)
[ If khasut = Kizzuwad/na,
This is the first appearance of the Hyksos
Possibly these may be the same as OT Kahoth? - e.p.g.]
Formerly called A/Daniya, an integral part of Hatti
in Cilicia
(Beckman, page 11)
Kizzuwadna partitioned from A/Daniya
Kizzuwadna called Cataonia is Greek/Roman times
(Astour, page 38)
Kizzuwadna was eastern Cilicia
At the time of conquest called Kumanni
Pillaya or Palliya establishes rite at
seven springs of Lawazantiya
(Astour, pages 101-102)
Qode - Qadi(Egy) - Qty (Ug) - Ketai, Ketis of rugged Cilicia (classical)
is adjacent to but not to be confused with Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 93)
12) Ammuna
kills his father Zidanta
attacks A/Daniya
(Astour, page 22)
1544 Idrimi dies
(Astour, page 92, date adjusted)
13) Huzziya
kills rivals for throne
tries to kill Telpinu but fails
Telepinu deposes him
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 24)
14) Telepinu
deposes Huzziya
begins campaign against Hashshuwa
15) Tahurwaili (Tahurwailish)
kills Tittish and his sons
seizes throne from Telepinu
enters into treaty with Eheya king of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, pages 23-25)
[Beckman places Tahurwaili after Telepinu erroneously]
14) Telepinu - puts down revolt by Tahurwaili
Battle at Zazzilipa, Astour thinks this might be in Kizzuwadna
Battle at Lawazantiya
Ruler Lahhash flees to Larisha
Telepinu returns to Hatti
Tahurwaili(sh) and others flee to Hanhana in the north
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, pages 25-26)
Thutmose III 1540 - 1486 {1565 - 1511} [1490-1436] launches campaign:
1536 [1472] Reaches Euphrates River and receives gifts from
Assyria, Babylonia, and Hittites
1535 [1471] Takes cities in Nuhashshe (inland from Ugarit)
1534 [1470] Offensive stopped in its tracks
1531 [1467] Battles Nuhashshe (inland from Ugarit) and receives tribute from Alakah
(all dates Astour, page 29, corresponding Egyptian dates?)
Babylonia = Sangara (Egyptian) = Sanhara Sa-an-ha-ar (Hittite, Mit Alashiote)
(Astour, page 120)
Later letter of Burnaburiash, king of Sangara (Babylonia)
Princes of Canaan attempted a rebellion against Egypt
Princes try to obtain help of Kurigalzu, king of Sanagara (Babylonia)
Kurigalzu refuses out of loyalty to Egypt
(Astour, pages 120-121)
Telepinu institutes reforms:
sets up laws of succession.
Gives power to Pankus = court of nobles,
(Lehmann, pages 208-209)
[= L.B. pa-ko, officals also known at Troy from the Iliad - e.p.g.]
Pankus tries and executes Lahhash,
sentences Tahurwailish and others to death,
but Telepinu blinds them and "puts them in yoke" instead
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 26)
Telepinu concludes treaty with Isputahsu of Kizzuwadna
(Lehmann, page 212)
Telepinu's grandson, Tudhalyia I claims that in time of Telepinu:
Kizzuwatna was part of Hatti,
then defected to Hurri.
Tudhaliya I's contemporary, the King of Hurri,
claims the same for the Isuwa:
"The populations of these cities had previously,
in the time of my grandfather,
come to the land of Hurri and settled there.
And indeed afterwards they went as fugitives to the land of Hatti.
Now, finally, the cattle have chosen their stable.
They have definitely come to my land."
(Treaty of Tudhalyia II with Sunashshura of Kizzuwatna
Beckman, page 14-15)
(should be Tudhaliya I, see Astour Pages 109-110))
16) Alluwamna
son in law of Telepinu
(Astour, page 96)
17) Tudhalyia I (Tudhaliyash)
concludes treaty with Sunashshura king of Kizzuwatna
with historical preamble:
in the time of his grandfather [Telepinu],
Kizzuwatna was part of Hatti then defected to Hurri.
Tudhaliya I attacks Isuwa.
Isuwa flee to Hurri
Hurri (Horite) king claims that
Isuwa settled in his land in the time of his grandfather
"The populations of these cities had previously,
in the time of my grandfather, come to the land of Hurri and settled here."
Hurri then attack Isuwa.
Tudhaliya engaged with another enemy elsewhere
(presumably Arzawa, Beckman(?), page 20)
Tudhaliya attacked Arzawa
(Beckman, page 82)
Hurri making claims against Kizzuwatna.
Kizzuwatna returns to ally with Hatti.
(Treaty of Tudhalyia II (should be Tudhaliya I)
with Sunashshura of Kizzuwatna, Beckman, page 14)
Tudhaliya I attacks Isuwa
(Astour, pages 52-52, page 110 citing
Houwink Ten Cate
The records of the Early Hittite Empire, Ankara
Horst Klengel
Die Hethiter Und Isuwa
OA 7, 1967, pages 63-76
Nochmals zu Isuwa
OA 15, 1976, pages 85-89)
Isuwa joined by Shaushatar, king of Mitanni (Hurri)
in battle against Tudhaliya I
Tudhalyia I conquers Kizzuwadna city of Kummani
removes "idol of the Black Deity" to Shamuha on upper Euphrates River
on his way to Mitanni (Hurri)/Isuwa
(Astour, page 56)
18) Arnuwanda I (Arnuwandash)
(Astour - Beckman places him after Tudhalyia II)
1445 BCE
EGYPTIAN ALLIAMCE WITH MITANI (Hurri)
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
marries Giluhipa, daughter of
Shuttarna II, king of Mitanni (Hurri)
in the tenth year of his reign
(Astour, page 112)
Arnuwanda I son of Tudhaliya I
co-regent with him
(Astour, page 51)
Arzawans have arisen,
GasGans have conquered many cities.
(Lehmann, page 215)
Kizzuwadna conquered by Mitanni (Hurri)
Sunashshura, King of Kizzuwadna and Mitanni (Hurri) vassal
concludes treaty with Arnuwanda I
(Astour, pages 54-55)
Arnuwanda I places 25 trusted noblemen each with 150 soldiers
in charge of cities of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 68)
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
sends "diplomatic" mission to Mycenean Greeks and Achaeans (a2-a-ja) on Crete
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] asks King Tarhundaradu of Arzawa to send him Kaskans
as Hatti has "went to pieces"
(Astour, page 65)
19) Hantili II (Beckman, seen as co-regent with Arnuwandash by Astour)
equality treaty with Paddatissu of Kizzuwadna.
(Lehmann, page 213, treaty, Beckman, page 11)
20) Zidanta II (Beckman, seen as co-regent with Arnuwandash by Astour)
(treaty with Pilliya of Kizzuwatna is ascribed to him
by Beckman, page 11, but not Astour, pages 37-38)
21) Huzziya II (Beckman, seen as co-regent with Arnuwandash by Astour)
Kizzuwadna concedes land to him
(Lehmann, page 213)
22) Muwattalli
(Greek Motylos?)
Akkadian NIR.GAL = Mutalla
(Astour, page 35)
Kills Huzziya II
(Astour, page 33)
Killed by son of Tudhaliya I
(Astour, page 33)
Muwatalli killed by Kantuzillish, son of Tudhaliya I,
and Himulish, chief of frontier troops
Himulish joined by a Hatusili, not Hatusili II
(Astour, page 33, pages 46-47)
23) Arnuwanda II (Arnuwandash)
(placed here by Beckman, but not Astour)
24) Tudhaliya II (here placed after Arnuwanda by Astour)
Treaty with Sunashshura of Kizzuwatna is ascribed to him by Beckman,
but this must be with Tudhaliya I, as Astour rightly states
(Beckman, page 14)
Aleppo joins with Mitanni (Hurri), withdraws from Hatti
Tudhaliya II destroys them both
(Treaty of Talmi-Sharruma, Astour, page 39, page 42)
Tudhaliya II attacks Aleppo and Hanigalbat
Ashtata and Nuhashshi (inland of Ugarit) want cities of Aleppo.
Mitanni (Hurrians) and Hatti recognize their claim.
(Beckman, page 89)
Ishuwa and 15 other states all around Hatti rebel
Hattushash itself is burnt down
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] writes that
"I have heard that everything is finished
and the land of Hattushash, too,
has gone to pieces."
(Astour, page 70)
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] asks King Tarhundaradu of Arzawa to send him Kaskans
as Hatti has "went to pieces"
(Astour, page 65)
Sippiluliuma claims that
in the time of his father (Tudhalyia II)
Isuwa became hostile
troops of Hatii entered the land of Isuwa, which is composed of:
troops of the city of Kurtalissa
troops of the city of Arawanna
troops of the land of Zazisa
the land of Kalasma
the land of Timana
Mount Haliwa
Mount Karna
troops of the city of Turmitta
the land of Alha
the land of Hurmia
Mount Harana
half of the land of Tegarama
troops of the city of Tepuriya
troops of the city of Hazka
troops of the city of Armatana
There is no mention that Tudhalyia II defeated Isuwa
(Beckman, page 38)
25) Hatusili II (Beckman, does not exist for Astour)
25) Tudhaliya II (rightly here by Astour, not Beckman)
son of Arnuwanda
(Astour, page 51)
26) Tudhaliya III
murdered by supporters of Suppiluliuma.
(Astour, page 50)
27) Suppiluliuma 1386-1347/1346
fights Gasgans for 20 years
attacks Hurrians,
Tushratta, king of Mitanni (Hurrians), defeats him
Tushratta sends part of the spoils to Pharoah Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
(Lehmann, page 221)
Tarhundaradus, King of Arzawa -
Arzawa by then had made
Tuwanuwa (Tyana), 100 miles to Hattusas's south
and Uda "his frontier",
initated diplomatic correspondence with Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
Tarhundaradus even dared request Pharaoh, in Kneshian, for his daughter's hand in marriage.
Pharaoh Amenhotep III's reply is missing.
(Bryce)
Arzawa revolts
(Beckman, page 82)
1415 BCE
Akhenaton 1427- 1400 {1442- 1425} [1367-1350]
1415 BCE - year 12 attacks Amurru
(Astour, page 6)
Kizzuwadna defect from Hurrians, ally with Hittites
Kizzuwadna promise help against Arzawa
(Lehmann, pages 223-224)
Mahuiluwa flees MIRA(Miletus)-Kuwaliya to Suppiluliuma
Suppiluliuma engaged elsewhere
(Beckman, page 69)
In his father's time Isuwa became hostile,
Suppuliliuma destroyed the land of Isuwa.
(Beckman, page 38)
"I, Suppiluliuma, the Great King, immediately crossed the sea.
The ships of Alasiya (Cyprus) met me in the sea three times for battle,
and I smote them; and I seized the ships and set the fire to them in the sea.
But when I arrived on dry land,
the enemies came from Alasiya (Cyprus) in multitude against me for battle."
Frees (from Egyptians?) Ugarit (conquers Ugarit)
(Beckman, page 30)
Suppululiuma attacks Mitanni (Hurrians), takes Carchemish and Aleppo.
Suppululiuma takes lands of Nuhashshi (inland from Ugarit)
takes lands of Kinza (Canaan) and Amurru from Egypt
(Beckman, page 89)
establishes kingdom of Amurru
brings up Aziru (???) from the gates of Egypt
(Beckman, page 32)
Suppuliliuma attacks Egyptian tributary Amqa
(Astour, page 64)
Tushratta of Mitanni (Hurrians) also wants a piece of the coastal region
Suppuliliuma attacks Mitanni (Hurrians)
captures Shutatarra, son of the King of the Hurrians.
Shutatarra, the son of the king of the Hurrians, kills Tushratta of Mitanni (Hurrians)
Shutatarra rebels
Suppililiuma defeats Hurrians
Suppuliliuma installs Shattiwaza as king of Mitanni (Hurrians)
Suppuliliuma installs Piyassili on the west bank of the Eupahrates River
(Beckman, page 38 et seq)
Suppililiuma is contemporary of Ankhesaenamum,
widow of Tutankhamun (1422- 1414),
son of Amenophis IV, a.k.a. Akhenaten (1442- 1425)
who seeks a son for alliance
Suppililiuma's son killed
(Lehmann, pages 13-16)
Suppililiuma attacks Egypt in revenge,
prisoners of war bring plague.
(Lehmann, page 235)
Suppililiuma dies 1346 BCE of plague (Annals of Mursili II)
(Lehmann, page 228)
28) Arnuwanda, Suppililiuma's son dies of plague, 1347/1346 - 1345 BCE
29) Mursili II 1344-1316 BCE
(greek Myrsilios0
1335 BCE in 10th year of his reign,
begins campaign against Hayasha
omen of the sun occurs
previously thought to be eclipse of March 13, 1335XXX
Asteroid Impact at Ephesus.
Tawanna interprets as immenent destruction of royal house
Mursili II ignores and goes on to conquer Hayasha
(Astour, page 5)
[deafened by explosion as youth - impact event? - Murshilish I
or accidental conflation of two plague accounts? - e.p.g.]
" the weather god thundered terribly from afar.
And the word in my mouth became small"
20 years of plague
[after effect of impact event? - e.p.g.]
[These two plague accounts have probably been accidentally conflated
see Astour, page 64 - e.p.g.]
Mursili II's father killed Tudhaliya III.
(Lehmann, pages 230-231)
One of the causes of the plague the breaking of a treaty by
Suppuliliuma's invasion of the Egyptian Amqa.
(Astour, page 64)
Manapa of Tarhuntassa flees from his brother
Ura of Tarhuntassa, ruler of Seha River-Appiaya.
Manapa of Tarhuntassa backs
Uhha-ziti, king of Arzawa, in revolt.
Mursili II defeats Uhha-ziti of Arzawa
"installs" (recognizes) Manapa of Tarhuntassa as ruler of Seha River-Appiaya
(Beckman, page 78-79)
Uhhazitis king of Arzawa rules from Apasus (Ephesus)
Uhhazitis -
Uhha-Ziti was the last independent king of Arzawa, a Bronze Age kingdom of western Anatolia.
from wikipedia:
Uhha-Ziti had two recorded children, Piyama Kurunta (CARIAN) and Tapalazunauli, who were of fighting age as of 1322 BC.
The Hittite king Mursili II in his second campaign season, 1322 BC,
attacked Attarimma, Hu[wa]rsanassa, and Suruda on Arzawa's border.
Their leaders fled to Arzawa.
When Mursili II demanded their extradition, Uhha-Ziti defied him and called him a "child".
Uhha-Ziti also managed to enlist Manapa (from TARHUNTASSA) of the Seha River Land,
but not Maskhuiluwa of MILA (Miletus).
Mursili II put down a Kaska rebellion, and invaded Arzawa.
Uhha-Ziti at this time had made his base at Apasa (Ephesus).
During Mursili's march, a meteorite struck Apasa and wounded Uhha-Ziti, as recorded in the Annals of Mursili II:
"The mighty Storm God, My Lord,
showed his divinely righteous power and hurled a thunderbolt (now translated as meteorite].
All of my troops saw the thunderbolt [meteorite].
All the land of Arzawa saw the thunderbolt [meteorite].
The thunderbolt [meteorite] passed (us) and struck the land of Arzawa.
It struck Uḫḫa-ziti’s (capital) city Apaša. It settled in Uḫḫa-ziti’s knees, and he became ill."[1]
In his wounded state, Uhha-Ziti could no longer lead the charge;
therefore, having allied with the King of Ahhiuwa [A2-A-JA -the first time the "Ahhiya" are recorded with a monarch],
Uhha-Ziti ordered Piyama Kurunta (the Carian) to take the field at Walma by the Astarpa River.
Piyama Kurunta [the Carian] lost the battle,
and Uhha-Ziti and his sons fled to the nearby Ahhiuwa (A2-A-JA) -controlled islands.
Uhha-Ziti died while Mursili was besieging the men of Attarimma, Hu[wa]rsanassa, and Suruda in Puranda.
TEMPLE OF EPHESIAN ARTEMIS
unrestored 7 Wonder of the World
I propose to speak briefly of one more meteorite whose worship has had a world-wide fame: the image of the Ephesian Artemis. This worship had its centre at Ephesus, but was widely extended along the shores of the Mediterranean. Temple after temple was built on the same site at Ephesus, each superior to the preceding, until the structure was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. As a temple, it became the theatre of a most elaborate religious ceremonial. As an asylum, it protected from pursuit and arrest all kinds of fugitives from justice or vengeance. As a museum, it possessed some of the finest products of Greek art, notably works of Phidias and Apelles. As a bank, it received and guarded the treasures which merchants and princes from all lands brought for safe keeping. In its own right it possessed extensive lands and large revenues. The great city of Ephesus assumed as her leading title that of vewkopos, or temple-warden of Artemis, putting his name on her coins, and in her monumental inscriptions.
The image, which was the central object in this temple, was said to have fallen from heaven. Copies of it in all sizes and forms were made of gold, of silver, of bronze, of stone and of wood, by Ephesian artificers, and were supplied by them to markets in all lands. What a lifelike picture is given us in the 19th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, of the excited crowd of Ephesians, urged on by the silversmiths, who made for sale the silver shrines of the goddess, and who saw that their craft was in danger if men learned to regard Artemis as no real divinity, and to despise the image that fell down from the sky.
We cannot suppose that the Ephesian Artemis image of the first century was a meteorite, though we have the distinct appellation, Diipetes, fallen from the sky. But I believe that there was a meteoric stone that was the original of the Ephesian images, and it seems not at all improbable that in some one of the destructions of the temple it disappeared. Or, in the progress of time, there may have been a desire to represent the goddess in a more artistic form than the shapeless stone afforded.
Many forms of the Ephesian Artemis are still preserved, and they have, amid all their variations, a certain peculiar character in common.
That common character seems to me to confirm the statement that the original image fell from heaven.
This goddess is regarded, let me say, as different from the Grecian Artemis,
the beautiful huntress so well known in Greek art, and I am speaking only of the images of the Ephesian Artemis...
wikipedia
The sacred site (temenos) at Ephesus was far older than the Artemision itself. Pausanias was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of Apollo at Didyma.[3] He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were Leleges and Lydians. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis attributed the earliest temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, whose worship he imagined already centered upon an image (bretas) of Artemis, their matron goddess. Pausanias says that Pindar believed the temple's founding Amazons to have been involved with the siege at Athens. Tacitus also believed in the Amazon foundation, however Pausanias believed the temple predated the Amazons.[4]
Modern archaeology cannot confirm Callimachus's Amazons, but Pausanias's account of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by David George Hogarth identified three successive temple buildings.[5] Re-excavations in 1987–88[6] confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the Bronze Age, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to Middle Geometric times, when a peripteral temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC.[7] The peripteral temple at Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere. ]
Mursili II attacks Piyama of Kurundas (the Carian), son of Uhhazitis;
Uhhazitis, king of Arzawa, flees to the islands
Uhhazitis allies himself with the king of Ahhiuwa (ACHAEANS A2-A-JA), who reside on Crete,
Tapalazunaulis, son of Uhhazatis went up into Purandas
Mursili II takes the city of Purandas
Piyama of Kurundas (the Carian), the son of Uhhazitis
comes out of the sea with the King of Ahhiyawa (ACHAEANS A2-A-JA)
and was defeated by Mursili II in a naval battle.
next events as passage above
Mursili II goes to attack Manapa of Tarhuntassa, the son of Muwa-Walwis.
Manapa of Tarhuntassa surrenders.
"I appointed Mashuiluwas in lordship at MIRA (Miletus), and I spoke as follows to Mashuiluwas:
"You, Mashuiluwas, came as a refugee before my father, and my father accepted you,
and he made you a son-in-law. He gave you Muwattis his daughter, my sister, as your wife.
Afterwards he did not stand with you, and over your enemies he did not smite.
I have stood beside you: I have smote your enemies.
Moreover I have built cities and fortified them;
I have occupied them with troops in garrison.
And I have established you as the lord of MILA."
Problems on all three sides: to the north the Gasgans, to the south Mitani (Hurrians), to the west Achaeans
Apparently Mursili II negotiates with the Egyptians in his 7th year, 1337X BCE
Nuhassi (inland from Ugarit) allies itself with Egypt (1337X BCE)
Egyptian army defeated
The Egyptian dates here may be
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton 1442- 1425 [1367-1350]
Smenkhkare/Queen Nefertiti? 1425- 1422 [1350-1347]
Tutankhamon 1422- 1414 [1347-1339]
(Annals of Mursili II continued)
Mursili II installs Mashuiluwa as ruler of Mira (MILA-Miletus) and Kuwaliya
Mashuiluwa revolts, allies with Pitassa
Mursili II installs Kupanta of Kurunta (the Carian) as ruler of Mira (MILA-Miletus) and Kuwaliya
(Beckman, page 69)
Kupanta of Kurunta (the Carian) is the son of Muwatalli, sister of Murshili II.
(Astour, page 36)
(new LH inscription) The inscription details King Kupanta Kuruntas (the King of Carians) path to the throne of MILA (Miletus):
His father, King Mashuittas, took control of Troy after a Trojan king named Walmus was overthrown.
The inscription says that soon after that,
King Mashuittas reinstated Walmus on the Trojan throne in exchange for his loyalty to Mira (Miletus) .
Kupanta Kuruntas (the King of the Carians) became king of Mira (Miletus) after his father King Mashuittas died.
He then took control of Troy, although he wasn't the actual king of Troy.
In the inscription, Kupanta Kuruntas (the King of the Carians) describes himself as a guardian of Troy,
imploring future rulers of Troy to "guard Wilusa [an ancient name for Troy] (like) the great king (of) Mira (did)." (translation by Woudhuizen)
When Kupanta-Kurunta had reinforced his realm, just before 1190XXX BC,
he ordered his armies to storm toward the east against the vassal states of the Hittites.
After successful conquests on land,
the united forces of western Asia Minor also formed a fleet and invaded a number of coastal cities (whose names are given)
in the south and southeast of Asia Minor, as well as in Syria and Palestine.
Four great princes commanded the naval forces, among them Muksus from the Troad, the region of ancient Troy.
The Luwians from western Asia Minor advanced all the way to the borders of Egypt,
and even built a fortress at Ashkelon in southern Palestine.
A military alliance between the countries of Western Asia Minor formed under the leadership of Kupanta Kurunta (the KIng of the Carians),
the Great King of Mira, Arzawa, Šeha, and Wiluša (Helios- Ilios - Troy).
Four princes from Western Asia Minor commanded a fleet of 500 ships and 10,000 warriors against Cyprus, Karkemish, and Syria.
The military leader of the raiders was Muksus, a great prince from a neighboring town of Troy.
He later succeeded Kupanta Kurunta (The KIng of Carians).
Kuzitesup of Karkemisch eventually surrendered.
The Kings of Western Asia Minor made him their vassal.
The subsequent peace permitted both regions to flourish, Western and Southeastern Asia Minor.
In both areas, use of the Luwian language and the hieroglyphic language prevailed for several centuries.
[e.p.g.- 250 Luwian bullae have recently been excavated at Carchamesh.]
(DATE UNCERTAIN -
but Beckman concluded that mention of Kurunta and Madduwatta's attack on him,
together with mention of installation of Kurunta as King of Tarhunta place events
in it later, under Hatusili III. Most likely it belongs here.)
INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Part 1)
Attarasiya (Atreus) of Ahiya (Achaeans) [this is Linear B a2-a-ja from the Knossos Palace archive- e.p.g.]
chased Madduwatta from Madduwatta's land
King's father (Mursili II) gave Madduwatta Zippasla (Sipylus)
King's father (Mursili II) offered Madduwatta Mount Hariyati,
closer to Hatti.
But Madduwatta refused.
The King's father (Mursili II) asked Madduwatta
to attack Kupanta of Kurunta (the Carian)
ruler of Arzawa
The King's father (Mursili II) also specifically enjoined Madduwatta
not to form alliance with Attarasiya (Atreus)
Madduwatta attacks Kupanta of Kurunta (the King of the Carians), ruler of Arzawa
Arzawa counterattacks, destroys Madduwatta's army.
The King's father (Mursili II) sends Piseni and Puskurunuwa,
attacks city of Sallawasi.
King's father (Mursili II) regains Madduwatta's goods.
Attarasiya (Atreus) plans attack on Madduwatta
The King's father (Mursili II) dispatches
Kisnalpi to attack Attarasiya
One officer of Attarasiya killed
One officer of Hatti, Zidanzash, killed
Attarasiya returns to his own land
[Zidanzash appears in the sacrificial list E with two known sons of Suppililuliumash, died 1346 BCE.
Otten assigned the Indictment of Madduwatta to the reign of Arnuwandash I. Astour, page 32
It seems it must belong here - e.p.g.]
INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Part 2)
Dalawa (Classical Tlos?) attacks
Madduwatta asks
Kisnalpi to attack Hinduwa
while he attacks Dalawa.
Madduwatta betrays Kisnalpi,
does not attack Dalawa,
but instead tells Dalawa about Kisnalpi's location.
Kisnalpi and Partahulla killed by Dalawa.
Madduwatta turns Dalawa away from Hatti and into his subjects.
Madduwatta gives his daughter in marriage to Kupanta of Kurunta (the King of the Carians)
Madduwatta takes all the land of Arzawa
(Beckman, page 144 et seq)
installs Targasnalli as ruler of Hapisala
(Beckman, page 64)
conquers Gasgan city of Asharpayain north,
which controls road to Pala
good relations with Ahhiyawa (Achaeans)
(Lehmann, page 232)
problems with Ahhiyawa prince Tawagalawas (Eteocles)
(Lehmann, page 233)
30) Muwatalli 1315-1282
(greek Motlylos)
moves Hittite capitol to Dattassa
Hattusili III sets up kingdom at Hakmis on northern border
Amurru in Syria/Lebanon defects to Egyptians
Hattusili III sends Gasgan mercenaries to Muwatalli
for fight with Ramses II at Kadesh 1285 BCE.
(Lehmann, pages 236-241)
INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Part 3)
Madduwatta tells King (Muwatalli) that he will conquer Hapalla for him.
Madduwatta takes all of Hapalla for himself.
Madduwatta asked for passage
but then tried to attack the Hittite army.
Antahitta and Mazlawa, ruler of Kuwaliya witnessed this
Madduwatta takes from Hatti:
The land of Zumanti
the land of Wallarimma
the land of Iyalanti
the land of Zumarri
the land of Mutamutassa
the land of Attarima
the land of Suruta
the land of Hursanassa
the city of Upnihuwala
King (Muwatalli) brings army out of land of Salpi
attacks Madduwatta.
Madduwatta enlists aid of city of Pitassa.
Madduwatta tries to enlist the aid of Kupanta of Kurunta (the King of the Carians) and Arzawa.
King (Muwatalli) sends his staff bearer (ambassador-mesenger) Zuwa
Madduwatta kills him.
Madduwatta burns down the city of Marasa
King (Muwatalli) sends his staff bearer (ambassador-mesenger) Mulliyara
Demands return of land of Hapalla
Madduwatta returns Hapalla, but keeps
the land of Iyalanti
the land of Zumarri
the land of Wallarimma
King (Muwatalli) dispatches his staff bearer (ambassador-mesenger) Mulliyara
Madduwatta claims control over Niwalla,
claiming he is retainer of Piseni
King (Muwatalli) asks
Madduwatta to stop raiding Alashiya (Cyprus)
with Attarasiya and the ruler of Piggaya (Phthia, Achilles home?)
Madduwatta claims that
he did not know that Alashiya was subject to Hatti
(Beckman, page 144 et seq)
Arzawa attacks Wilusa (Ilios) and Hatti
Alaksandru (Alexander - Paris) asks Muwatalli for help
(Beckman, page 83)
Stephanus of Byzantium records that
Paris and Helen encounter founder of Samylia in Caria
on their way to Troy, King Motylos, or Muwatalli (Muwatallish, Astour)
(Lehmann, page 233)
Henriksson, Goran
June 11, in 1312 BCE. FALL OF TROY (Wilusa) -
My date is now fully supported by the latest results from the German-American excavation that identifies the fall of Homer's Troy with the destruction of the archaeological layer Troy VIh, dated to about 1300 BC. In this paper an attempt is made to identify the strange obscuration of the sun that occurred during the final battle of the Iliad as a total solar eclipse close to the southern border of the zone of totality. There exists only one solar eclipse that corresponds to the description in the text and this is the total solar eclipse of June 11, in 1312 BC.
When I first presented this date in 1986, there was a difference of about 60 years compared with the most common archaeological dating at that time. My date is now fully supported by the latest results from the German-American excavation that identifies the fall of Homer's Troy with the destruction of the archaeological layer Troy VIh, dated to about 1300 BC. Further independent support is provided by another solar eclipse that dates the reign of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. This king wrote a letter to king Alaksandu in Wilusa, identified as the Hittite name for Ilios, the most frequently used name for Troy in the Iliad. Alexander was another name for Paris who abducted Helen, the crime that resulted in the war.
Muwatalli II was king 1379-1358 Hittite Middle Chronology (1315-1297 BCE, Hittite low chronology), according to the chronology for the Hittite Kingdom based on a solar eclipse in 1335 BC (but as this was an iron asteroid impact at Ephesus, one has to use the same astronomical phenomenon Astour used to establish Hittite chronology, a phenomenon which also occurred 64 years earlier), during the tenth year of King Mursili II, the father of Muwatalli II.
31) Urhi-Teshub 1281-1282 BCE
a concubines son who styles himself Mursili III
returns the Hittite capitol to Hattusa.
(Lehmann, page 242)
BATTLE OF KADESH - 1344 BCE
Ramesses II 1349 - 1274 [1290-1224] (1365 - 1299)
Now then, his majesty had prepared his infantry, his chariotry, and the Sherden of his majesty's capturing,...
1344 BCE
in the Year 5, 2nd month of the third season, day 9, his majesty passed the fortress of Sile. [and entered Canaan] ...
Hittite allies
Egyptian Name Location
Ḥt Ḥatti (central Anatolia)
Nhrn Nahrin = Mitanni (Hurri)
I҆rṭw Arzawa (western Anatolia)
Pds Pitassa (central Anatolia)
Drdny Dardania (allies of the Trojans, [48] northwest Anatolia)
Ms Masa (Mysia, northwest Anatolia)
Krkš Karkisa (Anatolia)
Krkmš Carchemish, in Syria
Qd A poorly defined area in northern Syria
Qdš Kadesh (in Syria)
Ꜥkrṭ Ugarit (in north Syria)
Mwšꜣnt Mushanet (Unknown)
Kškš Kaska (northern Anatolia)
Lk Lukka lands (Lycia and Caria, southwest Anatolia)
Qḍwdn Kizzuwatna (Cilicia)
Nwgs Nuḥḥašši (in Syria)
I҆rwnt (sic!) Arawanna (In Anatolia)
Ḥlb Ḥalba (Aleppo, in Syria. Led by its king, Talmi-Sarruma, grandson of Suppiluliuma I.)
I҆ns Inesa (Unknown, possibly Neša in central Anatolia)
32) Hattusili III 1282-1251
deposes Urhi-Teshub, who flees to Egypt.
Hattusili III concludes treaty with Ramesses II 1349 - 1274 [1290-1224] (1365 - 1299)]
(Lehmann, page 242)
1283 BCE Treaty with Ramses II concluded
(Astour, page 65)
treaty gives 3rd greatest weight to "gods of Kizzuwadna".
(Lehmann, page 245)
[Kizzuwadna = Hyksos? e.p.g.]
Treaty -
Those fleeing to Egypt to be returned to Hatti (Urhi-Tessub)
Amuru recognized by Egypt as Hittite appenage - Benteshina King of Amuru
Adad-nirari asks Hattusili III for
"good iron" from the city of Kizzuwatna.
(Beckman, page 139)
["good iron" is most likely steel, possibly meteoritic steel - e.p.g.]
Hattusili III deposes Urhi-Teshub
installs Kurunta (of Caria) as king of Tarhuntassa
(Beckman, page 108)
[witnesses to this treaty
may indicate military defeat - e.p.g.]
Hattusili III pits Babylonians against Assyrians
(Lehmann, page 248)
EGYPTIAN BATTLE WITH LIBYANS - 1279 BCE
Merneptah 1274 - 1264 {1299 - 1289} [1224-1214]
Great Karnak Inscription narrative Eqwesh, Lukka, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh
Eqwesh {Acaeans} (of the countries of the sea),[31] possibly also Sherden and Sheklesh[38]
Athribis Stele: Eqwesh, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh, Eqwesh [Achaeans] (of the countries of the sea)[31][38]
33) Tudhaliya IV (1250-1220)
fights Ahhijawa
fights Arzawa
(Lehmann, page 249)
Assyria attacks Hanigalbat
Elhi-Sharrumma king of Isuwa.
Halpa-ziti king of Aleppo
(Beckman, page 142)
Tudhaliya IV (1250-1220) recognizes
King of Egypt,
King of Babylonia,
King of Assyria, and
King of Ahhijawa (Achaeans) as his equals
Assyria at war with Hatti
(Beckman, page 101)
The Yalburt Water Monument, measuring 13 by 8 meters, includes 20 stone blocks detailing the actions of Tudhaliya IV, who reigned from 1237-1209 BC.
The hieroglyphics recount a military campaign Tudhaliya IV made to southwest Anatolia, Selçuk University Professor Hasan Bahar told Anadolu Agency.
"Here [Tudhaliya IV] talks of the cities he saw," said Bahar, describing the hieroglyphics.
"It looks like at the pool he was giving an account to the people."
Hittite society was not democratic, but the actions of the king to his people show an orderly society, Bahar said.
The pool was first unearthed in 1970 during work on the Ilgın district's water system.
Tudhaliya IV was a king of the Hittite Empire, which was centered in Anatolia but reached parts of northern Levant and Upper Mesotamia.
To cope with a severe drought, he built 13 dams, one of which survives to this day at Alacahöyük, in Turkey's Çorum Province.
Tudhaliya IV was defeated in battle in 1230 BC [date?] by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria.
34) Arnuwanda 1219 BCE (Spurious?)
(Lehmann, page 295, not Astour nor Beckman)
35) Suppiluliama IV 1190 BCE
many desertions, requires loyalty oaths
(Lehmann, page 295)
Sea peoples conquer Hittites
Ramesses III 1232-1201 {1257-1226} [1182-1151]
Medinet Habu narrative
Denyen, Peleset, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh, Tjekker, Weshesh, Teresh (of the sea), Sherden (of the sea)[39]
"The foreigners conspired together on their islands.
All of a sudden, the countries vanished and were dispersed in battle.
No country withstood the force of their arms.
Hatti, Kode (Kizzuwadna?), Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya (Cyprus) -
All were swiftly laid waste.
A camp was pitched at a place in Amurru (Northern Lebanon).
They destroyed its people, and its land was as if it had never been.
They drew near Egypt with fire going on before...
(Lehmann, pages 291-292)
Letter from Ugarit lists invaders and speaks of famine
(Lehmann, page 293)
Other Egyptian records of the Sea Peoples:
Papyrus Harris I Denyen, Peleset, Sherden, Tjekker, Weshesh, (Denyen (in their isles), Weshesh (of the sea))[28]
linked with Ramses III account
Rhetorical Stela Peleset, Teresh no location given
Onomasticon of Amenope List (no narrative) Denyen, Lukka, Peleset, Sherden, Tjekker no location given
which leaves us with some problems in locating Kupanta Kurantas.
Further, there is another problem following from the Personal+(ehtnonym) location construct:
Manapa Tarhuntas
But Karyantis is shown on this map, as being just south of MILA (Miletus)
My estimate is that Turkey is blessed with yet another major bronze age polity.
The Low Hittite Chronology is based on a recurring astronomical phenomenon,
and must be be set back by 64 years to the Middle Hittite Chronology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_chronology
I am not going to go into the Palestinians, nor the Israelites here;
my goal is to incorporate the new materials, both on Kupapa and Tudhalayaha IV,
and re-examine the placement of the Indictment of Madduwatas
to identify the date of the mega-drought as best as possible,
in order to see if it is connected with the Great Atlantic Impact Mega-tsunami.
The reign of Ahmose may bet set at 1628 BCE, the time of the eruption of Thera.
Gardiner's dates set back by 50 and 75 years:
XVIII Dynasty
Ahmose I 1625-1600 {1650 - 1625} [1575-1550]
Amenhotep I 1600-1578 {1625 - 1603} [1550-1528]
Thutmose I 1578-1560 {1608 - 1585} [1528-1510]
Thutmose II 1560-1540 {1585 - 1565} [1510-1490]
Thutmose III 1540 - 1486 {1565 - 1511} [1490-1436]
Battle of Megiddo, c.1528 {1553} [c.1478]
Queen Hatshepsut 1540-1518 {1565-1543} [1490-1468]
Amenhotep II 1486- 1463 {1511- 1488} [1436-1413]
Thutmose IV 1463- 1455 {1488- 1480} [1413-1405]
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton 1427- 1400 {1442- 1425} [1367-1350
Smenkhkare/Queen Nefertiti? 1400- 1397 {1425-1422} [1350-1347]
Tutankhamon 1397- 1389 {1422- 1414} [1347-1339]
Aye 1389-1385 {1414-1410} [1339-1335]
Haremhab 1385- 1358 {1410- 1383} [1335-1308]
XIX Dynasty
Ramesses I 1358 {1383} [1308]
Seti I 1359-1341 {1385-1366} [1309-1291]
Ramesses II 1349 - 1274 {1365 - 1299} [1290-1224]
Battle of Qadesh, 1325 {1350} [1275];
Egyptian-Hittite Treaty, 1309 {1334} [1259]
Merenptah 1274 - 1264 {1299 - 1289} [1224-1214]
Amenmesse(s) ? 1252-1249 {1277 -1274} [? 1202-1199 1214-1210 ]
Seti II 1264-1258 {1289-1283} [1214-1208]
Siptah 1258-1252 {1283-1277} [1208-1202]
Queen Twosret 1252- 1244 {1277- 1269} [1202-1194]
XX Dynasty
Setnakht 1234- 1232 {1259- 1257} [1184-1182]
Ramesses III 1232-1201 {1257-1226} [1182-1151]
Ramesses IV 1201-1195 {1226-1220} [1151-1145]
Ramesses V 1195- 1191 {1220- 1216} [1145-1141]
Ramesses VI 1191-1184 {1216-1209} [1141-1134]
Ramesses VII 1184 {1209} [1134]
Ramesses VIII 1184 {1209} [1134]
Ramesses IX 1184- 1167 {1209- 1192} [1134-1117]
Ramesses X 1167-1164 {1192-1189} [1117-1114]
Ramesses XI 1164 - 1137[ {1190 - 1162} [1114-1087]
Lehmann
Johannes Lehmann
The Hittites
People of a thousand gods
Viking Press, 1977
Lehmann gets Greek identifications from
Fredrich Cornelius
Geschichte der Hethiter
mit besonder Berucksichtung der geographischen Verhaltnisse
und Rechtesgeschishte
and
M. Riemschneider
Der Welt der Hethiter
Beckman
Gary Beckman
Hittite Diplomatic Texts
Society of Biblical Literature
1996
Astour
Michael C. Astour
Hittite History
and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age
Paul Astroms forlag
Partille 1989
Astour points out that all Hittite and Luwain names in nda, nza have parallel forms without nda, nza
Zida-nda-sh/Zida-sh
(Astour, page 32,33)
Amenemhat, an Egyptian astronomer and clockmaker has left an autobiography
presumed contemporary of Thutmose I
Astour, JNES 31, 1972, pages 102-109
Wilheim, Acta Antiqua 26, 1976, pages 149-161
(Astour, page 44)
Notes on Thutmose I
Astour pages 15-16
Astour places Ishuwa between Taurus, Euphrates, and Arsanias
(Astour, pages 52 - 53)
Astour places homeland of Kaskans at
Kashkan Mountains near Kurushtama in Northeast Anatolia
Kurushtama ally with Kaskans for a raid on a Hatti city
Kaskans are mercenaries
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] asks King Tarhundaradu of Arzawa to send him Kaskans
as Hatti has "went to pieces"
(Astour, page 65)
There was an ancient treaty by which
A King of Hatti shipped some people from Kurushtama, a part of Hatti,
to Egypt and "Turned them into Egyptians"
Astour ascribes it to Tudhaliya I
(Astour, pages 64 - 66)
[tarhu/nta = taur (bull) = tyr/ant?]
"THUNDERBOLT STEERS ALL THINGS"
- Heroclitus of Miletus
(except when super volcanoes erupt)
1) Pithana
son Anita, king of Khussara, conquers
1)Nesa
2)Hattusa - land of Hatti or Chatti
(Lehmann, page 184)
Ch't torah
Cheta'las Egyptian
ch should have value as Scottish Loch
(Lehmann, page 21)
[K'ittim or Chittim = Linear B ki-ti - e.p.g.]
3) Salatiwara
4) Burushanda
lacunae
5) Grandfather of Hatusili I
(Astour page 12)
6) Tabarna or Labarna
(Lehmann, page 191)
Labarna conquers Arzawa and Wilusa (Ilios)
Wilusa later manages to gain independence
(Beckman, page 82)
7) Papahdilmak
Challenges Labarna for throne
(Astour page 12)
Hatusili I (Hattushilish) 1639-1604 by Hittite Middle Chronology
Thera explosion 1628 by ice cores and dendro-chronology
(? Hatusili I deposes Labarna
deposes Huzziya (=Hassu above), king of Tapassanda
civil war
(Lehmann, pages 192-193)
attacks Arzawa in 3rd year
(Hatusili I's Res Gestae, Astour, page 23)
[This must be because of ERUPTION OF THERA - e.p.g.]
Hattusili I faces revolt
conquers Allepo (Halib)
crosses Pura River, conquers Hassu,
which Sargon of Akkad was unable to do 700 years earlier
(Lehmann, pages 190-192)
Hammurapi II of Yahmad (Aleppo) sends forces to help Hashshu
stops Hatusili I
Hatusili I attacks Urshu
Aleppo, Zarzuar, Carchemish, Hurrians, send forces
Hatusili I transfers cities of Aleppo and Nuhashshe (to the south-east of Aleppo and inland of Ugarit)
to Ashtata on the Euphrates River
(this is in the aftermath of the Eruption of Thera)
Aleppo joins Hanigalbat
Aleppo regains territories
Aleppo revolts from Hanigalbat
(Astour, pages 16-17)
Nuhashshe = Nugasa (Egptian) = Ngt (Ugarit)
(Astour, page 113)
Hanigalbat=Hurri=Mitani=Naharina emerges
(Astour's identifications, page 14)
Hatusili I fights them at Ilansura on Tigris River
(Astour, page 14)
Hattusili I destroys
Alalakh (Acana)
Hashshu (Tilmen Huyuk)
Ebla (Tell Mardikh)
Ikakalish-Ikanal (near Taurus)
(Tell Tuqan)
Urshu (Gaziantep)
(Habuba Kabira on Euphrates)
(Astour, page 89)
9) Mursili I (Murshilish) 1604-1594 by Hittite Middle Chronology
(= greek Myrsilios)
(Mursili II deafened by impact event explosion?
- must be reason he took name of Mursili I, deafened by Thera explosion
(Lehmann, page 230)
[Have these two plague accounts been conflated accidentally? - e.p.g.]
(Mursili II explicitly models himself after Mursili I - Astour page 13)
deafened by explosion as youth - Thera eruption
" the weather god thundered terribly from afar.
And the word in my mouth became small"
20 years of plague
(after effect of Thera eruption)
(Lehmann, page 230)
Mursili I marches on Aleppo to avenge his father's death
(Lehmann, pages 197-198)
Mursili I destroys Aleppo
(Beckman, page 89)
1596 Mursili I conquers Aleppo
(Astour, page 92, date adjusted to Hittite Middle Chronology)
1595 Mursili I marches to Babylon
(Astour pages 13-14, date adjusted to Hittite Middle Chronology)
Mursili I attacked by Hurrians on way home
(Lehmann, pages 198-199)
Mursili I defeated by Hurrians
(Astour, page 14)
Hurrians (=Horites)
have already come from Lake Van to Northern Euphrates
(old homeland of Jamnites, tribe of Benjamin - Weippert)
from India originally
(Lehmann, page 214)
Mursili I enters into treaty with Hapiru
(Astour, page 13)
[1st appearance of Hebrews?,
probably attack on Rephidim - e.p.g.]
Mursili I assassinated by Hantili and Zida/nta (man of Zida?)-
10) Hantili I (Hantilish) 1594-1564 by middle chronology
Murders Mursili I
Attacks Hurri to "Ashtata on right bank of Euphrates River"
Defeated by Hurri
Loses queen and heirs to Hurri,
who take them to Shugziya and have locals kill them
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 16, page 22, page 87)
According to the fragmentary tablet KBo III 46:
someone dies in Shugziya
after the death of 3 Hittite commanders
an unnammed Hittite king assembles
3000 Hapiru men
and garrisons them in a (name lost) city
(Astour, page 87, identifies this as Hantili I)
Hantili campaigns in Syria
Hurrians attack him
Aleppo frees itself
Hantili attacked in north by GasGans (= Linear B ke-ke?)
(Lehmann, page 200)
[T'e-Hantilish, king of Zippasla = Tantalus, king of Sipylus (Zipa?) -e.p.g.]
1576 BCE In the 2nd year of his reign
Thutmose I 1578-1560 {1608 - 1585} [1528-1510] undertook a campaign in Mitanni (Hurri)
reached bank of Euphrates River, erected a victory stele there
(Astour, page 15)
1576 BCE Thutmose I 1578-1560 {1608 - 1585} [1528-1510] in northern Syria,
Ilim-ilimna I's ascent to kingship of Aleppo
1575 Ilim-ilimna dies; Idrimi flees to Amiya
(Astour, page 92, dates adjusted)
Egyptian campaign also possibly attributed to Amenhotep I 1600-1578 {1625 - 1603} [1550-1528]
in dismantled monumental gate at Karnak
(Astour, page 88)
lives long life and dies natural death
(Astour, page 22)
11) Zida/nta (Zida/ntash) 1564-1554 by Hittite Middle Chronology
Married to Hantili's daughter
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 92)
kills Hantili's family, (then Hantili?)
Idrimi, son of Ilim-ilimna, goes to Hapiru
retakes control of Alakah, new capital, rules Aleppo
pledges loyalty to Parattarna of Hurri
raids Hatti and Hittite cities of Uluzila and Zaruna in Cilicia
(Astour, pages 19-20)
1574 Idrimi returns to Alakah
1567 Idrimi submits to Parattarna, king of Hurri
1564-1554 Idrimi enters into a treaty with Pillaya,
1st king of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 92, Hittite Middle Chronology)
Idrimi enters into treaty with Pillaya king of Kizzuwadna
Zidanzash also enters into treaty with Pillaya king of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 21)
Treaty with Pilliya of Kizzuwatna is ascribed
to Zidanzash by Astour, not Beckman
Treaty mentions earlier wars between Kizzuwadna and Hatti
Hyksos called heka-khasut "rulers of foreign lands" by Egyptians
(Lehmann, page 213)
[ If khasut = Kizzuwad/na,
This is the first appearance of the Hyksos
Possibly these may be the same as OT Kahoth? - e.p.g.]
Formerly called A/Daniya, an integral part of Hatti
in Cilicia
(Beckman, page 11)
Kizzuwadna partitioned from A/Daniya
Kizzuwadna called Cataonia is Greek/Roman times
(Astour, page 38)
Kizzuwadna was eastern Cilicia
At the time of conquest called Kumanni
Pillaya or Palliya establishes rite at
seven springs of Lawazantiya
(Astour, pages 101-102)
Qode - Qadi(Egy) - Qty (Ug) - Ketai, Ketis of rugged Cilicia (classical)
is adjacent to but not to be confused with Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 93)
12) Ammuna
kills his father Zidanta
attacks A/Daniya
(Astour, page 22)
1544 Idrimi dies
(Astour, page 92, date adjusted)
13) Huzziya
kills rivals for throne
tries to kill Telpinu but fails
Telepinu deposes him
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 24)
14) Telepinu
deposes Huzziya
begins campaign against Hashshuwa
15) Tahurwaili (Tahurwailish)
kills Tittish and his sons
seizes throne from Telepinu
enters into treaty with Eheya king of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, pages 23-25)
[Beckman places Tahurwaili after Telepinu erroneously]
14) Telepinu - puts down revolt by Tahurwaili
Battle at Zazzilipa, Astour thinks this might be in Kizzuwadna
Battle at Lawazantiya
Ruler Lahhash flees to Larisha
Telepinu returns to Hatti
Tahurwaili(sh) and others flee to Hanhana in the north
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, pages 25-26)
Thutmose III 1540 - 1486 {1565 - 1511} [1490-1436] launches campaign:
1536 [1472] Reaches Euphrates River and receives gifts from
Assyria, Babylonia, and Hittites
1535 [1471] Takes cities in Nuhashshe (inland from Ugarit)
1534 [1470] Offensive stopped in its tracks
1531 [1467] Battles Nuhashshe (inland from Ugarit) and receives tribute from Alakah
(all dates Astour, page 29, corresponding Egyptian dates?)
Babylonia = Sangara (Egyptian) = Sanhara Sa-an-ha-ar (Hittite, Mit Alashiote)
(Astour, page 120)
Later letter of Burnaburiash, king of Sangara (Babylonia)
Princes of Canaan attempted a rebellion against Egypt
Princes try to obtain help of Kurigalzu, king of Sanagara (Babylonia)
Kurigalzu refuses out of loyalty to Egypt
(Astour, pages 120-121)
Telepinu institutes reforms:
sets up laws of succession.
Gives power to Pankus = court of nobles,
(Lehmann, pages 208-209)
[= L.B. pa-ko, officals also known at Troy from the Iliad - e.p.g.]
Pankus tries and executes Lahhash,
sentences Tahurwailish and others to death,
but Telepinu blinds them and "puts them in yoke" instead
(Edict of Telepinu, Astour, page 26)
Telepinu concludes treaty with Isputahsu of Kizzuwadna
(Lehmann, page 212)
Telepinu's grandson, Tudhalyia I claims that in time of Telepinu:
Kizzuwatna was part of Hatti,
then defected to Hurri.
Tudhaliya I's contemporary, the King of Hurri,
claims the same for the Isuwa:
"The populations of these cities had previously,
in the time of my grandfather,
come to the land of Hurri and settled there.
And indeed afterwards they went as fugitives to the land of Hatti.
Now, finally, the cattle have chosen their stable.
They have definitely come to my land."
(Treaty of Tudhalyia II with Sunashshura of Kizzuwatna
Beckman, page 14-15)
(should be Tudhaliya I, see Astour Pages 109-110))
16) Alluwamna
son in law of Telepinu
(Astour, page 96)
17) Tudhalyia I (Tudhaliyash)
concludes treaty with Sunashshura king of Kizzuwatna
with historical preamble:
in the time of his grandfather [Telepinu],
Kizzuwatna was part of Hatti then defected to Hurri.
Tudhaliya I attacks Isuwa.
Isuwa flee to Hurri
Hurri (Horite) king claims that
Isuwa settled in his land in the time of his grandfather
"The populations of these cities had previously,
in the time of my grandfather, come to the land of Hurri and settled here."
Hurri then attack Isuwa.
Tudhaliya engaged with another enemy elsewhere
(presumably Arzawa, Beckman(?), page 20)
Tudhaliya attacked Arzawa
(Beckman, page 82)
Hurri making claims against Kizzuwatna.
Kizzuwatna returns to ally with Hatti.
(Treaty of Tudhalyia II (should be Tudhaliya I)
with Sunashshura of Kizzuwatna, Beckman, page 14)
Tudhaliya I attacks Isuwa
(Astour, pages 52-52, page 110 citing
Houwink Ten Cate
The records of the Early Hittite Empire, Ankara
Horst Klengel
Die Hethiter Und Isuwa
OA 7, 1967, pages 63-76
Nochmals zu Isuwa
OA 15, 1976, pages 85-89)
Isuwa joined by Shaushatar, king of Mitanni (Hurri)
in battle against Tudhaliya I
Tudhalyia I conquers Kizzuwadna city of Kummani
removes "idol of the Black Deity" to Shamuha on upper Euphrates River
on his way to Mitanni (Hurri)/Isuwa
(Astour, page 56)
18) Arnuwanda I (Arnuwandash)
(Astour - Beckman places him after Tudhalyia II)
1445 BCE
EGYPTIAN ALLIAMCE WITH MITANI (Hurri)
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
marries Giluhipa, daughter of
Shuttarna II, king of Mitanni (Hurri)
in the tenth year of his reign
(Astour, page 112)
Arnuwanda I son of Tudhaliya I
co-regent with him
(Astour, page 51)
Arzawans have arisen,
GasGans have conquered many cities.
(Lehmann, page 215)
Kizzuwadna conquered by Mitanni (Hurri)
Sunashshura, King of Kizzuwadna and Mitanni (Hurri) vassal
concludes treaty with Arnuwanda I
(Astour, pages 54-55)
Arnuwanda I places 25 trusted noblemen each with 150 soldiers
in charge of cities of Kizzuwadna
(Astour, page 68)
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
sends "diplomatic" mission to Mycenean Greeks and Achaeans (a2-a-ja) on Crete
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] asks King Tarhundaradu of Arzawa to send him Kaskans
as Hatti has "went to pieces"
(Astour, page 65)
19) Hantili II (Beckman, seen as co-regent with Arnuwandash by Astour)
equality treaty with Paddatissu of Kizzuwadna.
(Lehmann, page 213, treaty, Beckman, page 11)
20) Zidanta II (Beckman, seen as co-regent with Arnuwandash by Astour)
(treaty with Pilliya of Kizzuwatna is ascribed to him
by Beckman, page 11, but not Astour, pages 37-38)
21) Huzziya II (Beckman, seen as co-regent with Arnuwandash by Astour)
Kizzuwadna concedes land to him
(Lehmann, page 213)
22) Muwattalli
(Greek Motylos?)
Akkadian NIR.GAL = Mutalla
(Astour, page 35)
Kills Huzziya II
(Astour, page 33)
Killed by son of Tudhaliya I
(Astour, page 33)
Muwatalli killed by Kantuzillish, son of Tudhaliya I,
and Himulish, chief of frontier troops
Himulish joined by a Hatusili, not Hatusili II
(Astour, page 33, pages 46-47)
23) Arnuwanda II (Arnuwandash)
(placed here by Beckman, but not Astour)
24) Tudhaliya II (here placed after Arnuwanda by Astour)
Treaty with Sunashshura of Kizzuwatna is ascribed to him by Beckman,
but this must be with Tudhaliya I, as Astour rightly states
(Beckman, page 14)
Aleppo joins with Mitanni (Hurri), withdraws from Hatti
Tudhaliya II destroys them both
(Treaty of Talmi-Sharruma, Astour, page 39, page 42)
Tudhaliya II attacks Aleppo and Hanigalbat
Ashtata and Nuhashshi (inland of Ugarit) want cities of Aleppo.
Mitanni (Hurrians) and Hatti recognize their claim.
(Beckman, page 89)
Ishuwa and 15 other states all around Hatti rebel
Hattushash itself is burnt down
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] writes that
"I have heard that everything is finished
and the land of Hattushash, too,
has gone to pieces."
(Astour, page 70)
Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367] asks King Tarhundaradu of Arzawa to send him Kaskans
as Hatti has "went to pieces"
(Astour, page 65)
Sippiluliuma claims that
in the time of his father (Tudhalyia II)
Isuwa became hostile
troops of Hatii entered the land of Isuwa, which is composed of:
troops of the city of Kurtalissa
troops of the city of Arawanna
troops of the land of Zazisa
the land of Kalasma
the land of Timana
Mount Haliwa
Mount Karna
troops of the city of Turmitta
the land of Alha
the land of Hurmia
Mount Harana
half of the land of Tegarama
troops of the city of Tepuriya
troops of the city of Hazka
troops of the city of Armatana
There is no mention that Tudhalyia II defeated Isuwa
(Beckman, page 38)
25) Hatusili II (Beckman, does not exist for Astour)
25) Tudhaliya II (rightly here by Astour, not Beckman)
son of Arnuwanda
(Astour, page 51)
26) Tudhaliya III
murdered by supporters of Suppiluliuma.
(Astour, page 50)
27) Suppiluliuma 1386-1347/1346
fights Gasgans for 20 years
attacks Hurrians,
Tushratta, king of Mitanni (Hurrians), defeats him
Tushratta sends part of the spoils to Pharoah Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
(Lehmann, page 221)
Tarhundaradus, King of Arzawa -
Arzawa by then had made
Tuwanuwa (Tyana), 100 miles to Hattusas's south
and Uda "his frontier",
initated diplomatic correspondence with Amenhotep III 1455- 1417 {1480- 1442} [1405-1367]
Tarhundaradus even dared request Pharaoh, in Kneshian, for his daughter's hand in marriage.
Pharaoh Amenhotep III's reply is missing.
(Bryce)
Arzawa revolts
(Beckman, page 82)
1415 BCE
Akhenaton 1427- 1400 {1442- 1425} [1367-1350]
1415 BCE - year 12 attacks Amurru
(Astour, page 6)
Kizzuwadna defect from Hurrians, ally with Hittites
Kizzuwadna promise help against Arzawa
(Lehmann, pages 223-224)
Mahuiluwa flees MIRA(Miletus)-Kuwaliya to Suppiluliuma
Suppiluliuma engaged elsewhere
(Beckman, page 69)
In his father's time Isuwa became hostile,
Suppuliliuma destroyed the land of Isuwa.
(Beckman, page 38)
"I, Suppiluliuma, the Great King, immediately crossed the sea.
The ships of Alasiya (Cyprus) met me in the sea three times for battle,
and I smote them; and I seized the ships and set the fire to them in the sea.
But when I arrived on dry land,
the enemies came from Alasiya (Cyprus) in multitude against me for battle."
Frees (from Egyptians?) Ugarit (conquers Ugarit)
(Beckman, page 30)
Suppululiuma attacks Mitanni (Hurrians), takes Carchemish and Aleppo.
Suppululiuma takes lands of Nuhashshi (inland from Ugarit)
takes lands of Kinza (Canaan) and Amurru from Egypt
(Beckman, page 89)
establishes kingdom of Amurru
brings up Aziru (???) from the gates of Egypt
(Beckman, page 32)
Suppuliliuma attacks Egyptian tributary Amqa
(Astour, page 64)
Tushratta of Mitanni (Hurrians) also wants a piece of the coastal region
Suppuliliuma attacks Mitanni (Hurrians)
captures Shutatarra, son of the King of the Hurrians.
Shutatarra, the son of the king of the Hurrians, kills Tushratta of Mitanni (Hurrians)
Shutatarra rebels
Suppililiuma defeats Hurrians
Suppuliliuma installs Shattiwaza as king of Mitanni (Hurrians)
Suppuliliuma installs Piyassili on the west bank of the Eupahrates River
(Beckman, page 38 et seq)
Suppililiuma is contemporary of Ankhesaenamum,
widow of Tutankhamun (1422- 1414),
son of Amenophis IV, a.k.a. Akhenaten (1442- 1425)
who seeks a son for alliance
Suppililiuma's son killed
(Lehmann, pages 13-16)
Suppililiuma attacks Egypt in revenge,
prisoners of war bring plague.
(Lehmann, page 235)
Suppililiuma dies 1346 BCE of plague (Annals of Mursili II)
(Lehmann, page 228)
28) Arnuwanda, Suppililiuma's son dies of plague, 1347/1346 - 1345 BCE
29) Mursili II 1344-1316 BCE
(greek Myrsilios0
1335 BCE in 10th year of his reign,
begins campaign against Hayasha
omen of the sun occurs
previously thought to be eclipse of March 13, 1335XXX
Asteroid Impact at Ephesus.
Tawanna interprets as immenent destruction of royal house
Mursili II ignores and goes on to conquer Hayasha
(Astour, page 5)
[deafened by explosion as youth - impact event? - Murshilish I
or accidental conflation of two plague accounts? - e.p.g.]
" the weather god thundered terribly from afar.
And the word in my mouth became small"
20 years of plague
[after effect of impact event? - e.p.g.]
[These two plague accounts have probably been accidentally conflated
see Astour, page 64 - e.p.g.]
Mursili II's father killed Tudhaliya III.
(Lehmann, pages 230-231)
One of the causes of the plague the breaking of a treaty by
Suppuliliuma's invasion of the Egyptian Amqa.
(Astour, page 64)
Manapa of Tarhuntassa flees from his brother
Ura of Tarhuntassa, ruler of Seha River-Appiaya.
Manapa of Tarhuntassa backs
Uhha-ziti, king of Arzawa, in revolt.
Mursili II defeats Uhha-ziti of Arzawa
"installs" (recognizes) Manapa of Tarhuntassa as ruler of Seha River-Appiaya
(Beckman, page 78-79)
Uhhazitis king of Arzawa rules from Apasus (Ephesus)
Uhhazitis -
Uhha-Ziti was the last independent king of Arzawa, a Bronze Age kingdom of western Anatolia.
from wikipedia:
Uhha-Ziti had two recorded children, Piyama Kurunta (CARIAN) and Tapalazunauli, who were of fighting age as of 1322 BC.
The Hittite king Mursili II in his second campaign season, 1322 BC,
attacked Attarimma, Hu[wa]rsanassa, and Suruda on Arzawa's border.
Their leaders fled to Arzawa.
When Mursili II demanded their extradition, Uhha-Ziti defied him and called him a "child".
Uhha-Ziti also managed to enlist Manapa (from TARHUNTASSA) of the Seha River Land,
but not Maskhuiluwa of MILA (Miletus).
Mursili II put down a Kaska rebellion, and invaded Arzawa.
Uhha-Ziti at this time had made his base at Apasa (Ephesus).
During Mursili's march, a meteorite struck Apasa and wounded Uhha-Ziti, as recorded in the Annals of Mursili II:
"The mighty Storm God, My Lord,
showed his divinely righteous power and hurled a thunderbolt (now translated as meteorite].
All of my troops saw the thunderbolt [meteorite].
All the land of Arzawa saw the thunderbolt [meteorite].
The thunderbolt [meteorite] passed (us) and struck the land of Arzawa.
It struck Uḫḫa-ziti’s (capital) city Apaša. It settled in Uḫḫa-ziti’s knees, and he became ill."[1]
In his wounded state, Uhha-Ziti could no longer lead the charge;
therefore, having allied with the King of Ahhiuwa [A2-A-JA -the first time the "Ahhiya" are recorded with a monarch],
Uhha-Ziti ordered Piyama Kurunta (the Carian) to take the field at Walma by the Astarpa River.
Piyama Kurunta [the Carian] lost the battle,
and Uhha-Ziti and his sons fled to the nearby Ahhiuwa (A2-A-JA) -controlled islands.
Uhha-Ziti died while Mursili was besieging the men of Attarimma, Hu[wa]rsanassa, and Suruda in Puranda.
TEMPLE OF EPHESIAN ARTEMIS
unrestored 7 Wonder of the World
I propose to speak briefly of one more meteorite whose worship has had a world-wide fame: the image of the Ephesian Artemis. This worship had its centre at Ephesus, but was widely extended along the shores of the Mediterranean. Temple after temple was built on the same site at Ephesus, each superior to the preceding, until the structure was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. As a temple, it became the theatre of a most elaborate religious ceremonial. As an asylum, it protected from pursuit and arrest all kinds of fugitives from justice or vengeance. As a museum, it possessed some of the finest products of Greek art, notably works of Phidias and Apelles. As a bank, it received and guarded the treasures which merchants and princes from all lands brought for safe keeping. In its own right it possessed extensive lands and large revenues. The great city of Ephesus assumed as her leading title that of vewkopos, or temple-warden of Artemis, putting his name on her coins, and in her monumental inscriptions.
The image, which was the central object in this temple, was said to have fallen from heaven. Copies of it in all sizes and forms were made of gold, of silver, of bronze, of stone and of wood, by Ephesian artificers, and were supplied by them to markets in all lands. What a lifelike picture is given us in the 19th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, of the excited crowd of Ephesians, urged on by the silversmiths, who made for sale the silver shrines of the goddess, and who saw that their craft was in danger if men learned to regard Artemis as no real divinity, and to despise the image that fell down from the sky.
We cannot suppose that the Ephesian Artemis image of the first century was a meteorite, though we have the distinct appellation, Diipetes, fallen from the sky. But I believe that there was a meteoric stone that was the original of the Ephesian images, and it seems not at all improbable that in some one of the destructions of the temple it disappeared. Or, in the progress of time, there may have been a desire to represent the goddess in a more artistic form than the shapeless stone afforded.
Many forms of the Ephesian Artemis are still preserved, and they have, amid all their variations, a certain peculiar character in common.
That common character seems to me to confirm the statement that the original image fell from heaven.
This goddess is regarded, let me say, as different from the Grecian Artemis,
the beautiful huntress so well known in Greek art, and I am speaking only of the images of the Ephesian Artemis...
wikipedia
The sacred site (temenos) at Ephesus was far older than the Artemision itself. Pausanias was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of Apollo at Didyma.[3] He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were Leleges and Lydians. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis attributed the earliest temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, whose worship he imagined already centered upon an image (bretas) of Artemis, their matron goddess. Pausanias says that Pindar believed the temple's founding Amazons to have been involved with the siege at Athens. Tacitus also believed in the Amazon foundation, however Pausanias believed the temple predated the Amazons.[4]
Modern archaeology cannot confirm Callimachus's Amazons, but Pausanias's account of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by David George Hogarth identified three successive temple buildings.[5] Re-excavations in 1987–88[6] confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the Bronze Age, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to Middle Geometric times, when a peripteral temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC.[7] The peripteral temple at Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere. ]
Mursili II attacks Piyama of Kurundas (the Carian), son of Uhhazitis;
Uhhazitis, king of Arzawa, flees to the islands
Uhhazitis allies himself with the king of Ahhiuwa (ACHAEANS A2-A-JA), who reside on Crete,
Tapalazunaulis, son of Uhhazatis went up into Purandas
Mursili II takes the city of Purandas
Piyama of Kurundas (the Carian), the son of Uhhazitis
comes out of the sea with the King of Ahhiyawa (ACHAEANS A2-A-JA)
and was defeated by Mursili II in a naval battle.
next events as passage above
Mursili II goes to attack Manapa of Tarhuntassa, the son of Muwa-Walwis.
Manapa of Tarhuntassa surrenders.
"I appointed Mashuiluwas in lordship at MIRA (Miletus), and I spoke as follows to Mashuiluwas:
"You, Mashuiluwas, came as a refugee before my father, and my father accepted you,
and he made you a son-in-law. He gave you Muwattis his daughter, my sister, as your wife.
Afterwards he did not stand with you, and over your enemies he did not smite.
I have stood beside you: I have smote your enemies.
Moreover I have built cities and fortified them;
I have occupied them with troops in garrison.
And I have established you as the lord of MILA."
Problems on all three sides: to the north the Gasgans, to the south Mitani (Hurrians), to the west Achaeans
Apparently Mursili II negotiates with the Egyptians in his 7th year, 1337X BCE
Nuhassi (inland from Ugarit) allies itself with Egypt (1337X BCE)
Egyptian army defeated
The Egyptian dates here may be
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton 1442- 1425 [1367-1350]
Smenkhkare/Queen Nefertiti? 1425- 1422 [1350-1347]
Tutankhamon 1422- 1414 [1347-1339]
(Annals of Mursili II continued)
Mursili II installs Mashuiluwa as ruler of Mira (MILA-Miletus) and Kuwaliya
Mashuiluwa revolts, allies with Pitassa
Mursili II installs Kupanta of Kurunta (the Carian) as ruler of Mira (MILA-Miletus) and Kuwaliya
(Beckman, page 69)
Kupanta of Kurunta (the Carian) is the son of Muwatalli, sister of Murshili II.
(Astour, page 36)
(new LH inscription) The inscription details King Kupanta Kuruntas (the King of Carians) path to the throne of MILA (Miletus):
His father, King Mashuittas, took control of Troy after a Trojan king named Walmus was overthrown.
The inscription says that soon after that,
King Mashuittas reinstated Walmus on the Trojan throne in exchange for his loyalty to Mira (Miletus) .
Kupanta Kuruntas (the King of the Carians) became king of Mira (Miletus) after his father King Mashuittas died.
He then took control of Troy, although he wasn't the actual king of Troy.
In the inscription, Kupanta Kuruntas (the King of the Carians) describes himself as a guardian of Troy,
imploring future rulers of Troy to "guard Wilusa [an ancient name for Troy] (like) the great king (of) Mira (did)." (translation by Woudhuizen)
When Kupanta-Kurunta had reinforced his realm, just before 1190XXX BC,
he ordered his armies to storm toward the east against the vassal states of the Hittites.
After successful conquests on land,
the united forces of western Asia Minor also formed a fleet and invaded a number of coastal cities (whose names are given)
in the south and southeast of Asia Minor, as well as in Syria and Palestine.
Four great princes commanded the naval forces, among them Muksus from the Troad, the region of ancient Troy.
The Luwians from western Asia Minor advanced all the way to the borders of Egypt,
and even built a fortress at Ashkelon in southern Palestine.
A military alliance between the countries of Western Asia Minor formed under the leadership of Kupanta Kurunta (the KIng of the Carians),
the Great King of Mira, Arzawa, Šeha, and Wiluša (Helios- Ilios - Troy).
Four princes from Western Asia Minor commanded a fleet of 500 ships and 10,000 warriors against Cyprus, Karkemish, and Syria.
The military leader of the raiders was Muksus, a great prince from a neighboring town of Troy.
He later succeeded Kupanta Kurunta (The KIng of Carians).
Kuzitesup of Karkemisch eventually surrendered.
The Kings of Western Asia Minor made him their vassal.
The subsequent peace permitted both regions to flourish, Western and Southeastern Asia Minor.
In both areas, use of the Luwian language and the hieroglyphic language prevailed for several centuries.
[e.p.g.- 250 Luwian bullae have recently been excavated at Carchamesh.]
(DATE UNCERTAIN -
but Beckman concluded that mention of Kurunta and Madduwatta's attack on him,
together with mention of installation of Kurunta as King of Tarhunta place events
in it later, under Hatusili III. Most likely it belongs here.)
INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Part 1)
Attarasiya (Atreus) of Ahiya (Achaeans) [this is Linear B a2-a-ja from the Knossos Palace archive- e.p.g.]
chased Madduwatta from Madduwatta's land
King's father (Mursili II) gave Madduwatta Zippasla (Sipylus)
King's father (Mursili II) offered Madduwatta Mount Hariyati,
closer to Hatti.
But Madduwatta refused.
The King's father (Mursili II) asked Madduwatta
to attack Kupanta of Kurunta (the Carian)
ruler of Arzawa
The King's father (Mursili II) also specifically enjoined Madduwatta
not to form alliance with Attarasiya (Atreus)
Madduwatta attacks Kupanta of Kurunta (the King of the Carians), ruler of Arzawa
Arzawa counterattacks, destroys Madduwatta's army.
The King's father (Mursili II) sends Piseni and Puskurunuwa,
attacks city of Sallawasi.
King's father (Mursili II) regains Madduwatta's goods.
Attarasiya (Atreus) plans attack on Madduwatta
The King's father (Mursili II) dispatches
Kisnalpi to attack Attarasiya
One officer of Attarasiya killed
One officer of Hatti, Zidanzash, killed
Attarasiya returns to his own land
[Zidanzash appears in the sacrificial list E with two known sons of Suppililuliumash, died 1346 BCE.
Otten assigned the Indictment of Madduwatta to the reign of Arnuwandash I. Astour, page 32
It seems it must belong here - e.p.g.]
INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Part 2)
Dalawa (Classical Tlos?) attacks
Madduwatta asks
Kisnalpi to attack Hinduwa
while he attacks Dalawa.
Madduwatta betrays Kisnalpi,
does not attack Dalawa,
but instead tells Dalawa about Kisnalpi's location.
Kisnalpi and Partahulla killed by Dalawa.
Madduwatta turns Dalawa away from Hatti and into his subjects.
Madduwatta gives his daughter in marriage to Kupanta of Kurunta (the King of the Carians)
Madduwatta takes all the land of Arzawa
(Beckman, page 144 et seq)
installs Targasnalli as ruler of Hapisala
(Beckman, page 64)
conquers Gasgan city of Asharpayain north,
which controls road to Pala
good relations with Ahhiyawa (Achaeans)
(Lehmann, page 232)
problems with Ahhiyawa prince Tawagalawas (Eteocles)
(Lehmann, page 233)
30) Muwatalli 1315-1282
(greek Motlylos)
moves Hittite capitol to Dattassa
Hattusili III sets up kingdom at Hakmis on northern border
Amurru in Syria/Lebanon defects to Egyptians
Hattusili III sends Gasgan mercenaries to Muwatalli
for fight with Ramses II at Kadesh 1285 BCE.
(Lehmann, pages 236-241)
INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Part 3)
Madduwatta tells King (Muwatalli) that he will conquer Hapalla for him.
Madduwatta takes all of Hapalla for himself.
Madduwatta asked for passage
but then tried to attack the Hittite army.
Antahitta and Mazlawa, ruler of Kuwaliya witnessed this
Madduwatta takes from Hatti:
The land of Zumanti
the land of Wallarimma
the land of Iyalanti
the land of Zumarri
the land of Mutamutassa
the land of Attarima
the land of Suruta
the land of Hursanassa
the city of Upnihuwala
King (Muwatalli) brings army out of land of Salpi
attacks Madduwatta.
Madduwatta enlists aid of city of Pitassa.
Madduwatta tries to enlist the aid of Kupanta of Kurunta (the King of the Carians) and Arzawa.
King (Muwatalli) sends his staff bearer (ambassador-mesenger) Zuwa
Madduwatta kills him.
Madduwatta burns down the city of Marasa
King (Muwatalli) sends his staff bearer (ambassador-mesenger) Mulliyara
Demands return of land of Hapalla
Madduwatta returns Hapalla, but keeps
the land of Iyalanti
the land of Zumarri
the land of Wallarimma
King (Muwatalli) dispatches his staff bearer (ambassador-mesenger) Mulliyara
Madduwatta claims control over Niwalla,
claiming he is retainer of Piseni
King (Muwatalli) asks
Madduwatta to stop raiding Alashiya (Cyprus)
with Attarasiya and the ruler of Piggaya (Phthia, Achilles home?)
Madduwatta claims that
he did not know that Alashiya was subject to Hatti
(Beckman, page 144 et seq)
Arzawa attacks Wilusa (Ilios) and Hatti
Alaksandru (Alexander - Paris) asks Muwatalli for help
(Beckman, page 83)
Stephanus of Byzantium records that
Paris and Helen encounter founder of Samylia in Caria
on their way to Troy, King Motylos, or Muwatalli (Muwatallish, Astour)
(Lehmann, page 233)
Henriksson, Goran
June 11, in 1312 BCE. FALL OF TROY (Wilusa) -
My date is now fully supported by the latest results from the German-American excavation that identifies the fall of Homer's Troy with the destruction of the archaeological layer Troy VIh, dated to about 1300 BC. In this paper an attempt is made to identify the strange obscuration of the sun that occurred during the final battle of the Iliad as a total solar eclipse close to the southern border of the zone of totality. There exists only one solar eclipse that corresponds to the description in the text and this is the total solar eclipse of June 11, in 1312 BC.
When I first presented this date in 1986, there was a difference of about 60 years compared with the most common archaeological dating at that time. My date is now fully supported by the latest results from the German-American excavation that identifies the fall of Homer's Troy with the destruction of the archaeological layer Troy VIh, dated to about 1300 BC. Further independent support is provided by another solar eclipse that dates the reign of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. This king wrote a letter to king Alaksandu in Wilusa, identified as the Hittite name for Ilios, the most frequently used name for Troy in the Iliad. Alexander was another name for Paris who abducted Helen, the crime that resulted in the war.
Muwatalli II was king 1379-1358 Hittite Middle Chronology (1315-1297 BCE, Hittite low chronology), according to the chronology for the Hittite Kingdom based on a solar eclipse in 1335 BC (but as this was an iron asteroid impact at Ephesus, one has to use the same astronomical phenomenon Astour used to establish Hittite chronology, a phenomenon which also occurred 64 years earlier), during the tenth year of King Mursili II, the father of Muwatalli II.
31) Urhi-Teshub 1281-1282 BCE
a concubines son who styles himself Mursili III
returns the Hittite capitol to Hattusa.
(Lehmann, page 242)
BATTLE OF KADESH - 1344 BCE
Ramesses II 1349 - 1274 [1290-1224] (1365 - 1299)
Now then, his majesty had prepared his infantry, his chariotry, and the Sherden of his majesty's capturing,...
1344 BCE
in the Year 5, 2nd month of the third season, day 9, his majesty passed the fortress of Sile. [and entered Canaan] ...
Hittite allies
Egyptian Name Location
Ḥt Ḥatti (central Anatolia)
Nhrn Nahrin = Mitanni (Hurri)
I҆rṭw Arzawa (western Anatolia)
Pds Pitassa (central Anatolia)
Drdny Dardania (allies of the Trojans, [48] northwest Anatolia)
Ms Masa (Mysia, northwest Anatolia)
Krkš Karkisa (Anatolia)
Krkmš Carchemish, in Syria
Qd A poorly defined area in northern Syria
Qdš Kadesh (in Syria)
Ꜥkrṭ Ugarit (in north Syria)
Mwšꜣnt Mushanet (Unknown)
Kškš Kaska (northern Anatolia)
Lk Lukka lands (Lycia and Caria, southwest Anatolia)
Qḍwdn Kizzuwatna (Cilicia)
Nwgs Nuḥḥašši (in Syria)
I҆rwnt (sic!) Arawanna (In Anatolia)
Ḥlb Ḥalba (Aleppo, in Syria. Led by its king, Talmi-Sarruma, grandson of Suppiluliuma I.)
I҆ns Inesa (Unknown, possibly Neša in central Anatolia)
32) Hattusili III 1282-1251
deposes Urhi-Teshub, who flees to Egypt.
Hattusili III concludes treaty with Ramesses II 1349 - 1274 [1290-1224] (1365 - 1299)]
(Lehmann, page 242)
1283 BCE Treaty with Ramses II concluded
(Astour, page 65)
treaty gives 3rd greatest weight to "gods of Kizzuwadna".
(Lehmann, page 245)
[Kizzuwadna = Hyksos? e.p.g.]
Treaty -
Those fleeing to Egypt to be returned to Hatti (Urhi-Tessub)
Amuru recognized by Egypt as Hittite appenage - Benteshina King of Amuru
Adad-nirari asks Hattusili III for
"good iron" from the city of Kizzuwatna.
(Beckman, page 139)
["good iron" is most likely steel, possibly meteoritic steel - e.p.g.]
Hattusili III deposes Urhi-Teshub
installs Kurunta (of Caria) as king of Tarhuntassa
(Beckman, page 108)
[witnesses to this treaty
may indicate military defeat - e.p.g.]
Hattusili III pits Babylonians against Assyrians
(Lehmann, page 248)
EGYPTIAN BATTLE WITH LIBYANS - 1279 BCE
Merneptah 1274 - 1264 {1299 - 1289} [1224-1214]
Great Karnak Inscription narrative Eqwesh, Lukka, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh
Eqwesh {Acaeans} (of the countries of the sea),[31] possibly also Sherden and Sheklesh[38]
Athribis Stele: Eqwesh, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh, Eqwesh [Achaeans] (of the countries of the sea)[31][38]
33) Tudhaliya IV (1250-1220)
fights Ahhijawa
fights Arzawa
(Lehmann, page 249)
Assyria attacks Hanigalbat
Elhi-Sharrumma king of Isuwa.
Halpa-ziti king of Aleppo
(Beckman, page 142)
Tudhaliya IV (1250-1220) recognizes
King of Egypt,
King of Babylonia,
King of Assyria, and
King of Ahhijawa (Achaeans) as his equals
Assyria at war with Hatti
(Beckman, page 101)
The Yalburt Water Monument, measuring 13 by 8 meters, includes 20 stone blocks detailing the actions of Tudhaliya IV, who reigned from 1237-1209 BC.
The hieroglyphics recount a military campaign Tudhaliya IV made to southwest Anatolia, Selçuk University Professor Hasan Bahar told Anadolu Agency.
"Here [Tudhaliya IV] talks of the cities he saw," said Bahar, describing the hieroglyphics.
"It looks like at the pool he was giving an account to the people."
Hittite society was not democratic, but the actions of the king to his people show an orderly society, Bahar said.
The pool was first unearthed in 1970 during work on the Ilgın district's water system.
Tudhaliya IV was a king of the Hittite Empire, which was centered in Anatolia but reached parts of northern Levant and Upper Mesotamia.
To cope with a severe drought, he built 13 dams, one of which survives to this day at Alacahöyük, in Turkey's Çorum Province.
Tudhaliya IV was defeated in battle in 1230 BC [date?] by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria.
34) Arnuwanda 1219 BCE (Spurious?)
(Lehmann, page 295, not Astour nor Beckman)
35) Suppiluliama IV 1190 BCE
many desertions, requires loyalty oaths
(Lehmann, page 295)
Sea peoples conquer Hittites
Ramesses III 1232-1201 {1257-1226} [1182-1151]
Medinet Habu narrative
Denyen, Peleset, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh, Tjekker, Weshesh, Teresh (of the sea), Sherden (of the sea)[39]
"The foreigners conspired together on their islands.
All of a sudden, the countries vanished and were dispersed in battle.
No country withstood the force of their arms.
Hatti, Kode (Kizzuwadna?), Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya (Cyprus) -
All were swiftly laid waste.
A camp was pitched at a place in Amurru (Northern Lebanon).
They destroyed its people, and its land was as if it had never been.
They drew near Egypt with fire going on before...
(Lehmann, pages 291-292)
Letter from Ugarit lists invaders and speaks of famine
(Lehmann, page 293)
Other Egyptian records of the Sea Peoples:
Papyrus Harris I Denyen, Peleset, Sherden, Tjekker, Weshesh, (Denyen (in their isles), Weshesh (of the sea))[28]
linked with Ramses III account
Rhetorical Stela Peleset, Teresh no location given
Onomasticon of Amenope List (no narrative) Denyen, Lukka, Peleset, Sherden, Tjekker no location given